Issue
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,
Vol.28, No.7, 1481-1494, 2011
Key technological elements in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC)
The best cell efficiency of lab scale dye sensitized solar cell (DSC) exceeds 11%, but there are still many technological problems to overcome for commercialization. This review describes key technological elements in DSC, including working electrodes with dye/TiO2/electrolyte interfaces, quasi solid state electrolyte with ion diffusion, and counter electrodes with electrolyte-catalytic electrode interfaces. Their operating principles, equivalent electric circuits and measurement techniques are described.
[References]
  1. Gratzel M, Nature., 414, 338, 2001
  2. Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145, 2003
  3. Watson DF, Meyer GJ, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 56, 119, 2005
  4. Gregg BA, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1215, 2004
  5. Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1248, 2004
  6. Wang ZS, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1381, 2004
  7. Li B, Wang L, Kang B, Wang P, Qiu Y, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 549, 2006
  8. Karthikeyan CS, Thelakkat M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 635, 2008
  9. Murakami TN, Gratzel M, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 572, 2008
  10. Chen X, Mao SS, Chem. Rev., 107(7), 2891, 2007
  11. Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M, Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 269, 2000
  12. Wang Q, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(13), 4446, 2006
  13. Guunes S, Sariciftci NS, Inorg. Chim. Acta., 361, 581, 2008
  14. Snaith HJ, Schmidt-Mende L, Adv. Mater., 19(20), 3187, 2007
  15. Gratzel M, Inorg. Chem., 44(20), 6841, 2005
  16. Bisquert J, Cahen D, Hodes G, Ruhle S, Zaban A, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(24), 8106, 2004
  17. Deb SK, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 88, 1, 2005
  18. Granqvist CG, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 1529, 2007
  19. Gordon RG, MRS Bulletin., 25(8), 52, 2000
  20. Gregg BA, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(20), 4688, 2003
  21. Fabregat-Santiago F, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J, Zaban A, Salvador P, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 334, 2002
  22. Pitarch A, Garcia-Belmonte G, Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2983, 2004
  23. Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 87, 117, 2005
  24. Nelson J, Phys. Rev. B., 59, 15374, 1999
  25. Wang Q, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(31), 14945, 2005
  26. Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278, 2009
  27. Adachi M, Sakamoto M, Jiu JT, Ogata Y, Isoda S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(28), 13872, 2006
  28. Kern R, Sastrawan R, Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Electrochim. Acta, 47(26), 4213, 2002
  29. Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Bogdanoff P, Pereira EC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(10), 2287, 2000
  30. Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F, Ferriols NS, Yamashita M, Pereira EC, Electrochem. Commun., 2, 601, 2000
  31. Bisquert J, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 4185, 2000
  32. Bisquert J, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(2), 325, 2002
  33. Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457, 2001
  34. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR, Electrochemical methods: Fundamentals and applications, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000
  35. Roy-Mayhew JD, Bozym DJ. Punckt C, Aksay IA, ACS Nano., 4, 6203, 2010
  36. Lee WJ, Ramasamy E, Lee DY, Song JS, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 92, 814, 2008
  37. Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238, 2010
  38. Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568, 2009
  39. Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Solid state Sci., 11, 2051, 2009
  40. Zhang Q, Cao G, Nano Today., 6, 91, 2011
  41. Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, Chem. Commun., 1464, 2002
  42. Gregg BA, Pichot F, Ferrere S, Fields CL, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(7), 1422, 2001
  43. Wu SJ, Han HW, Tai QD, Zhang J, Xu S, Zhou CH, Yang Y, Hu H, Chen BL, Zhao XZ, J. Power Sources, 182(1), 119, 2008
  44. Hamann TW, Farha OK, Hupp JT, J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 19756, 2008
  45. Lin C, Tsai FY, Lee MH, Lee CH, Tien TC, Wang LP, Tsai SY, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 2999, 2009
  46. Durrant JR, Haque SA, Palomares E, Coordin. Chem. Rev., 248, 1247, 2004
  47. Palomares E, Clifford JN, Haque SA, Lutz T, Durrant JR, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(2), 475, 2003
  48. Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231, 2000
  49. Park NG, Kang MG, Kim KM, Ryu KS, Chang SH, Kim DK, van de Lagemaat J, Benkstein KD, Frank AJ, Langmuir, 20(10), 4246, 2004
  50. Kim KE, Jang SR, Park J, Vittal R, Kim KJ, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 91, 366, 2007
  51. Wang ZS, Yanagida M, Sayama K, Sugihara H, Chem. Mater., 18, 2912, 2006
  52. Lee S, Kim JY, Hong KS, Jung HS, Lee JK, Shin H, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2405, 2006
  53. Zhang L, Shi Y, Peng S, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 197, 260, 2008
  54. Kim JY, Lee S, Noh JH, Jung HS, Hong KS, J. Electroceram., 23, 422, 2009
  55. Grigoras K, Franssila S, Airaksinen VM, Thin Solid Films., 516, 5551, 2008
  56. Kumara GRRA, Tennakone K, Perera VPS, Konno A, Kaneko S, Okuya M, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 34, 868, 2001
  57. Ganapathy V, Karunagaran B, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources, 195(15), 5138, 2010
  58. Yum JH, Jang SR, Walter P, Geiger T, Nuesch F, Kim S, Ko J, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Chem. Commun., 4680, 2007
  59. Zhang Z, Evans N, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 398, 2007
  60. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Comte P, Charvet R, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(51), 14336, 2003
  61. Ito S, Liska P, Comte P, Charvet R, Pechy P, Bach U, Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Kay A, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, Chem. Commun., 4351, 2005
  62. Zaban A, Chen SG, Chappel S, Gregg BA, Chem. Commun., 2231, 2000
  63. Zhang ZP, Zakeeruddin SM, O'Regan BC, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(46), 21818, 2005
  64. Neale NR, Kopidakis N, van de Lagemaat J, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(49), 23183, 2005
  65. Lim J, Kwon YS, Park T, Chem. Commun., 47, 4147, 2011
  66. Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C., 4, 145, 2003
  67. Lindstrom H, Holmberg A, Magnusson E, Lindquist SE, Malmqvist L, Hagfeldt A, Nano Lett., 1, 97, 2001
  68. Seo H, Son MK, Shin I, Kim JK, Lee KJ, Prabakar K, Kim HJ, Electrochim. Acta, 55(13), 4120, 2010
  69. Nazeeruddin MK, De Angelis F, Fantacci S, Selloni A, Viscardi G, Liska P, Ito S, Takeru B, Gratzel MG, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(48), 16835, 2005
  70. Hirose F, Shikaku M, Kimura Y, Niwano M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(11), B1578, 2010
  71. Lim SH, Rhee SW, RSC Adances, in press, 2011
  72. Chuang WT, Chen BS, Chen KY, Hsieh CC, Chou PT, Chem. Commum., 6982, 2009
  73. Kim Y, Yoo BJ, Vittal R, LeeY, Park NG, Kim KJ, J. Power Sources., 175, 814, 2008
  74. Huang SY, Schlichthorl G, Nozik AJ, Gratzel M, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101(14), 2576, 1997
  75. Liu Y, Hagfeldt A, Xiao XR, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 55(3), 267, 1998
  76. Schlichthorl G, Huang SY, Sprague J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B., 101, 8319, 1997
  77. Nakade S, Kanzaki T, Kubo W, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109(8), 3480, 2005
  78. Kopidakis N, Benkstein KD, van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(41), 11307, 2003
  79. Pelet S, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(8), 1791, 2000
  80. Bhattacharya B, Lee JY, Geng J, Jung HT, Park JK, Langmuir, 25(5), 3276, 2009
  81. Martinson ABF, Hamann TW, Pellin MJ, Hupp JT, Chem.-Eur. J., 14, 4458, 2008
  82. Barnes PR, Anderson AY, Koops SE, Durrant JR, O’Regan BC, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 1126, 2009
  83. Dunn HK, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 4726, 2009
  84. Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Sero I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Gimenez S, J. Phys. Chem. C., 113, 17278, 2009
  85. Papageorgiou N, Gratzel M, Infelta PP, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 44, 405, 1996
  86. Papageorgiou N, Barbe C, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102(21), 4156, 1998
  87. Chen CY, Wang MK, Li JY, Poortrakulchote N, Alibabaei L, Ngoc-le CH, Decoppet JD, Tsai JH, Gratzel C, Wu CG, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, ACS Nano., 3, 3103, 2009
  88. Cao F, Oskam G, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem., 99(47), 17071, 1995
  89. Kubo W, Murakoshi K, Kitamura T, Yoshida S, Haruki M, Hanabusa K, Shirai H, Wada Y, Yanagida S, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(51), 12809, 2001
  90. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Nazeeruddin MK, Sekiguchi T, Gratzel M, Nat. Mater., 2, 402, 2003
  91. Wang L, Fang S, Lin Y, Zhou X, Li M, Chem. Commun., 5687, 2005
  92. Wu JH, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Hao SC, Sato T, Yin S, Adv. Mater., 19(22), 4006, 2007
  93. Wu J, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin J, Huang M, Huang Y, Fang L, Yin S, Sato T, Adv. Mater., 17, 2645, 2007
  94. Shi J, Peng S, Pei J, Liang Y, Cheng F, Chen J, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 1, 944, 2009
  95. Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissortel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Gratzel M, Nature., 395, 583, 1998
  96. Saito Y, Fukuri N, Senadeera R, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Electrochem. Commun., 6, 71, 2003
  97. Kruger J, Plass R, Gratzel M, Cameron PJ, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(31), 7536, 2003
  98. Xia JB, Masaki N, Lira-Cantu M, Kim Y, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(4), 1258, 2008
  99. O’Regan B, Schwartz DT, Chem. Mater., 10, 1501, 1998
  100. O’Regan B, Lenzmann F, Muis R, Wienke J, Chem. Mater., 14, 5023, 2002
  101. Lee HJ, Chen P, Moon SJ, Sauvage F, Sivula K, Bessho T, Gamelin DR, Comte P, Zakeeruddin SM, Il Seok S, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Langmuir, 25(13), 7602, 2009
  102. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(48), 13280, 2003
  103. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126(23), 7164, 2004
  104. Kuang D, Klein C, Zhang Z, Ito S, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel, Small., 3, 2094, 2007
  105. Kuang DB, Wang P, Ito S, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(24), 7732, 2006
  106. Bai Y, Cao Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Li R, Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Mat., 7, 626, 2008
  107. Kubo W, Makimoto Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 948, 2002
  108. Anandan S, Pitchumani S, Muthuraaman B ,Maruthamuthu P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 1715, 2006
  109. Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Katsaros G, Falaras P, Nano Lett., 2, 1259, 2002
  110. Katsaros G, Stergiopoulos T, Arabatzis IM, Papadokostaki KG, Falaras P, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 149, 191, 2002
  111. Wu JH, Hao S, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Huang YF, Li PJ, Yin S, Satot T, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(35), 11568, 2008
  112. Zhou YF, Xiang WC, Chen S, Fang SB, Zhou XW, Zhang JB, Lin Y, Electrochim. Acta, 54(26), 6645, 2009
  113. Kwon W, Rhee SW, J. Power Sources., J. Power Sources, 2011
  114. Jain RA, Biomaterials., 21, 2475, 2000
  115. Jennings JR, Peter LM, J. Phys. Chem. C., 111, 16100, 2007
  116. Snaith HJ, Gratzel M, Adv. Mater., 19(21), 3643, 2007
  117. Snaith HJ, Moule AJ, Klein C, Meerholz K, Friend RH, Gratzel M, Nano Lett., 7, 3372, 2007
  118. Schmidt-Mende L, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 013504, 2005
  119. Ding IK, Tetreault N, Brillet J, Hardin BE, Smith EH, Rosenthal SJ, Sauvage F, Gratzel M, McGehee MD, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 1, 2009
  120. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Humphry-Baker R, Gratzel M, Chem. Mater., 16, 2694, 2004
  121. Wang P, Wenger B, Humphry-Baker R, Moser JE, Teuscher J, Kantlehner W, Mezger J, Stoyanov EV, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(18), 6850, 2005
  122. Han H, Bach U, Cheng YB, Caruso RA, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 213510, 2007
  123. Zhang J, Han HW, Wu SJ, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhou CH, Zhao XZ, Solid State Ion., 178(29-30), 1595, 2007
  124. Zhang X, Yang H, Xiong HM, Li FY, Xia YY, J. Power Sources., 160, 1541, 2006
  125. Namutdinova G, Sensfuss S, Schrodner M, Hinsch A, Sastrawan R, Gerhard D, Himmler S, Wasserscheid P, Solid State Ion., 177(35-36), 3141, 2006
  126. Ito BI, de Freitas JN, De Paoli MA, Nogueira AF, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 19, 688, 2008
  127. Olsen E, Hagen G, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 63, 267, 2000
  128. Zhang Z, Chen P, Murakami TN, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18(2), 341, 2008
  129. Wang M, Chamberland N, Breau L, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Marsan B, Zakeeruddin SM, Gratzel M, Nat. Chem., 2, 385, 2010
  130. Oskam G, Bergeron BV, Meyer GJ, Searson PC, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(29), 6867, 2001
  131. Nusbaumer H, Moser JE, Zakeeruddin SM, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105(43), 10461, 2001
  132. Hattori S, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Fukuzumi S, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(26), 9648, 2005
  133. Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 53(1), 29, 1998
  134. Hagfeldt A, Didriksson B, Palmqvist T, Lindstrom H, Sodergren S, Rensmo H, Lindquist SE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 31, 481, 1994
  135. Papageorgiou N, Maier WF, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 144(3), 876, 1997
  136. Wang GQ, Lin RF, Lin Y, Li XP, Zhou XW, Xiao XR, Electrochim. Acta, 50(28), 5546, 2005
  137. Hao SC, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang YF, Compos. Interfaces, 13(8-9), 899, 2006
  138. Papageorgiou N, Coord. Chem. Rev., 248, 1421, 2004
  139. Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457, 2001
  140. Fang XM, Ma TL, Guan GQ, Akiyama M, Kida T, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 570(2), 257, 2004
  141. Chen CM, Chen CH, Wei TC, Electrochim. Acta, 55(5), 1687, 2010
  142. Kim SS, Nah YC, Noh YY, Jo J, Kim DY, Electrochim. Acta, 51(18), 3814, 2006
  143. Li PJ, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang ML, Lan Z, Li QH, Electrochim. Acta, 53(12), 4161, 2008
  144. Yoon CH, Vittal R, Lee J, Chae WS, Kim KJ, Electrochim. Acta, 53(6), 2890, 2008
  145. Dagamseh AMK, Vet B, Tichelaar FD, Sutta P, Zeman M, Thin Solid Films., 516, 7844, 2008
  146. Fang XM, Ma TL, Akiyama M, Guan GQ, Tsunematsu S, Abe E, Thin Solid Films, 472(1-2), 242, 2005
  147. Toivola M, Halme J, Miettunen K, Aitola K, Lund PD, Int. J. Energy Res., 33(13), 1145, 2009
  148. Smestad G, Bignozzi G, Argazzi R, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 32, 259, 1994
  149. Gratzel M, Nature., 414, 338, 2001
  150. Calogero G, Bonaccorso F, Marago OM, Gucciardim PG, Marco GD, Dalton Trans., 39, 2903, 2010
  151. Fan X, Chu ZZ, Wang FZ, Zhang C, Chen L, Tang YW, Zou DC, Adv. Mater., 20(3), 592, 2008
  152. Okada K, Matsui H, Kawashima T, Ezure T, Tanabe N, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 164, 193, 2004
  153. Chiba Y, Islam A, Watanabe Y, Komiya R, Koide N, Han L, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 45, L638, 2006
  154. Wang GQ, Lin RF, Wang M, Zhang CN, Lin Y, Xiao XR, Li XP, Chin. Chem. Lett., 15, 1369, 2004
  155. Mathew X, Thompson GW, Singh VP, McClure JC, Velumani S, Mathews NR, Sebastian PJ, Sol. Energy Mater, Sol. Cells., 76, 293, 2003
  156. Ma TL, Fang XM, Akiyama M, Inoue K, Noma H, Abe E, J. Electroanal. Chem., 574(1), 77, 2004
  157. Toivola M, Ahlskog F, Lund P, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 90, 2881, 2006
  158. Suzuki K, Yamaguchi M, Kumagai M, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 32(1), 28, 2003
  159. Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087, 2008
  160. Imoto K, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T, Komura T, Nakamura J, Murata K, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells., 79, 459, 2003
  161. Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Lee DY, Song JS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 173103, 2007
  162. Ramasamy E, Chun J, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 4556, 2010
  163. Saito Y, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Yanagida S, Chem. Lett., 31(10), 1060, 2002
  164. Xia JB, Masaki N, Jiang KJ, Yanagida S, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 2845, 2007
  165. Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Chen L, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596, 2007
  166. Murakami TN, Ito S, Wang Q, Nazeeruddin MK, Bessho T, Cesar I, Liska P, Humphry-Baker R, Comte P, Pechy P, Gratzel M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153(12), A2255, 2006
  167. Joshi P, Zhang L, Chen Q, Galipeau D, Fong H, Qiao Q, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 2, 3572, 2010
  168. Huang Z, Liu X, Li K, Li D, Luo Y, Li H, Song W, Li. Chen, Meng Q, Electrochem. Commun., 9, 596, 2007
  169. Ramasamy E, Lee WJ, Lee DY, Song JS, Electrochem. Commun., 10, 1087, 2008
  170. Banks CE, Davies TJ, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG, Chem. Commun., 7, 829, 2005
  171. Wang GQ, Xing W, Zhuo SP, J. Power Sources, 194(1), 568, 2009
  172. Peng S, Cheng F, Shi J, Liang J, Tao Z, Chen J, Sol. State Sci., 11, 2051, 2009
  173. Veerappan G, Bojan K, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857, 2011
  174. Fang BZ, Fan SQ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim M, Chaudhari NK, Ko J, Yu JS, Langmuir, 26(13), 11238, 2010
  175. Fan SQ, Fang B, Kim JH, Jeong B, Kim C, Yu JS, Ko J, Langmuir, 26(16), 13644, 2010
  176. Ramasamy E, Lee JW, Carbon., 48, 3715, 2010
  177. Yun DJ, Hong KP, Kim SH, Yun WM, Jang JY, Kwon WS, Park CE, Rhee SW, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 857, 2011
  178. Yun DJ, Rhee SW, J. Mater. Chem., 2011