There are many industrial machines that function by operation of multi-phase fluids. Some of them take advantage of the characteristics of counter-current two-phase flow. The maximum flow rates of gas and liquid phases which flow in opposite-directions (counter-current flow) are limited by a phenomenon known as a Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL or flooding). The mass and momentum conservation equations for two phases were established to build a system of first-order partial derivative equations (PDE). A new CCFL model was developed based on the characteristic equation of the first-order PDE system. The present model applies to the case in which a non-uniform flow is developed around a square or sharp-edged entrance of liquid phase. The model can be used to predict the operating-limit of components in which mass and heat transfer are taking place between liquid and gas phases.
Kaminaga F, Okamoto Y, Shibata Y, "Evaluation of Entrance Geometry Effect on Flooding," Proc. 1st JSME/ASME Joint Int. Conference on Nucl. Eng., Tokyo, 95, 1991