With the recent increase of concern on the health impact of air pollution, there has been growing interest in filtration technologies that can effectively remove fine inhalable particles (PM2.5) in the air with diameters that are generally 2.5 μm or smaller. Among various technologies presented, nanofiber-based filters provide A simple, but effective route to rapidly capture these fine particulate matters. In this review, we briefly introduce the health hazards associated with PM2.5 and highlight the importance of air filtration technology with particular emphasis on nanofiber-based filters prepared via electrospinning. Then, we summarize various fiber materials and additives utilized in electrospun nanofibers to enhance the filtration efficacy. Furthermore, we highlight some of the recent advances in the materials design of electrospun nanofiber filters for PM2.5 removal and discuss the current issues and future perspectives.