Issue
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,
Vol.30, No.2, 327-336, 2013
Epoxidation of waste used-oil biodiesel: Effect of reaction factors and its impact on the oxidative stability
Epoxidation of waste used-oil biodiesel (WUO-B) was performed to test the feasibility of properties improvement. The effects of the reaction temperature (30-50 ℃) and time (2-12 h), molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH (1 : 7 to 1 : 1) and the stirring rate (100-300 rpm) on the level of unsaturated carbon bond conversion and the epoxy compound selectivity were identified using a 2k (two levels) factorial design. Besides epoxy biodiesel as the main product, only one by-product, hydroxyl-biodiesel, was generated. The conversion of unsaturated carbon bonds was positively affected by the molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH and the stirring rate, while the reaction temperature and time had no significant affect (in the investigated ranges). In contrast, with respect to the epoxy compound selectivity, the stirring rate had a positive effect, while both the reaction temperature and time each had a negative effect. The oxidative stability (OS) of the epoxy waste used-oil biodiesel (EWUO-B) revealed a linear relationship to the unsaturated carbon bond conversion level, but no significant relationship to the epoxy compound selectivity. EWUO-B prepared from a 1 : 1 molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH at 50 ℃ with stirring at 300 rpm for 12 h exhibited a higher OS (around 37.85 h) than that of the WUO-B. Except for the cold flow properties and methyl ester content, all other key properties of the EWUOB were within the specifications of the EN14214 standard set by the Department of Energy Business.
[References]
  1. Vicente G, Martinez M, Aracil J, Bioresour. Technol., 92(3), 297, 2004
  2. Smith PC, Ngothai Y, Nguyen QD, O'Neill BK, Fuel, 89(11), 3517, 2010
  3. Knothe G, Energy Environ. Sci., 2, 759, 2009
  4. Smith PC, Ngothai Y, Nguyen QD, O'Neill BK, Fuel, 88(4), 605, 2009
  5. Knothe G, Dunn RO, Bagby MO, ACS Symp. Ser., 666, 172, 1997
  6. Moser B, Haas H, Winkler J, Jackson M, Erhan S, List G, Eur.J. Lipid. Sci. Technol., 109, 7, 2007
  7. Gunstone FD, Fatty acid and lipid chemistry, Chapman & Hall, London (UK), 1996
  8. Wadumesthrige K, Salley SO, Ng KYS, Fuel Process. Technol., 90(10), 1292, 2009
  9. Dinda S, Patwardhan AV, Goud VV, Pradhan NC, Bioresour. Technol., 99(9), 3737, 2008
  10. Meshram PD, Puri RG, Patil HV, Int. J. Chem. Technol. Res., 3, 1152, 2011
  11. Goud VV, Patwardhan AV, Pradhan NC, Bioresour. Technol., 97(12), 1365, 2006
  12. Poli E, Clacens JM, Barrault J, Pouilloux Y, Catal. Today., 140, 19, 2009
  13. De Torres M, Arends IWCE, Mayoral JA, Pires E, Jimenez-Oses G, Appl. Catal. A., 425-426, 91, 2012
  14. Smith PC, Ngothai Y, Nguyen QD, O’Neill BK, Renew.Energy., 35, 1145, 2010
  15. Satyarthi JK, Srinivas D, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 401(1-2), 189, 2011
  16. Perez A, Casas A, Fernandez CM, Ramos MJ, Rodriguez L, Bioresour. Technol., 101(19), 7375, 2010
  17. Das LM, Bora DK, Pradhan S, Naik MK, Naik SN, Fuel, 88(11), 2315, 2009
  18. Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF, Fuel, 87(17-18), 3572, 2008
  19. Knothe G, Kenar JA, Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol., 106, 88, 2004
  20. Jaruwat P, Kongjao S, Hunsom M, Energy Conv. Manag., 51(3), 531, 2010
  21. Goud VV, Patwardhan AV, Dinda S, Pradhan NC, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(15), 4065, 2007
  22. Cai SF, Wang LS, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 19(1), 57, 2011
  23. Knothe G, Dunn RO, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 80, 1021, 2003
  24. Frankel EN, Lipid oxidation, 2nd Ed., The Oily Press, PJ Barnes & Associate, Bridgwater, England, 2005
  25. Knothe G, Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol., 108, 493, 2006
  26. Knothe G, Fuel Process. Technol., 86(10), 1059, 2005
  27. Knothe G, Energy Fuels, 22(2), 1358, 2008