Overall
- Language
- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received March 5, 2026
Revised March 24, 2026
Accepted March 31, 2026
Available online July 25, 2026
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Most Cited
Colloidal WO2.72 Nanocrystals with Hexagonal Tunnels for Sodium-ion Supercapacitors
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-026-00713-3
Abstract
Although sodium-ion supercapacitors are promising candidates for next-generation electrochemical systems, their performance
is often hindered by the relatively large ionic radius of Na⁺, which limits facile ion insertion and thus suppresses
capacity enhancement. The high surface area and large hexagonal tunnels make colloidal monoclinic WO2.72 nanocrystals
attractive as electrode materials, but their use in Na⁺-based supercapacitors remains unexplored. In this study, we introduce
colloidally synthesized monoclinic WO2.72 nanocrystals capable of effectively accommodating Na⁺ ions within their hexagonal
sites for Na+-based supercapacitors. By removing insulating organic ligands, the nanocrystals are uniformly deposited
onto hydrophilic carbon cloth (CC) through a controllable, additive-free dip-coating process. Furthermore, applying
a conformal 1 nm Al2O3 overlayer via atomic layer deposition (ALD) enhances mechanical robustness and prevents
nanocrystal delamination, enabling highly reversible charge-storage behavior. A symmetric supercapacitor fabricated with
ALD-treated WO2.72/CC and a PVA/Na2SO4 gel electrolyte demonstrates stable performance without degradation under
bending, achieving an areal energy density of 10.08 µWh/cm2 at 0.3724 mW/cm2 . These results highlight the potential of colloidal nanocrystal-based electrodes for high-performance sodium-ion supercapacitors suitable for practical, wearable
electronic applications.

