The rising level of CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere that breached the 421ppm mark is a serious challenge to environmental

and economic sustainability. Microalgae have emerged as a sustainable and effi cient biological platform for 

CO 2 capture, off ering rates 10–50 times higher than terrestrial plants. This work critically analyzes the recent developments

concerning microalgae-based technology in CO 2 sequestration, generation of bioenergy, and synthesis of high-value 

products. Particularly, hybrid cultivation systems, nanotechnology-assisted carbon fi xation, and artifi cial intelligent (AI) 

combined with bioreactor optimization demonstrated productivity up to a 45% increase in carbon intake and up to 60% 

improvement in lipid productivity. This study systematically assesses the cultivation mode (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic,

mixotrophic), CO 2 feeding methods, harvesting, drying technology, cost-benefi t, and lifecycle analysis. Challenges 

such as scalability, contamination, energy demands, and commercialization hurdles are discussed. A key novelty of this 

review is the integration of recent trends in genetic engineering, circular bioeconomy strategies, and interdisciplinary 

approaches for enhancing process effi ciency. In addition, it points out major blind spots in existing systems, including 

low biomass yields in open ponds and underdeveloped hybrid photobioreactors. This review off ers an inclusive plan of 

industrial implementation, promoting interdisciplinary cooperation between academia and industry, and innovative policy 

to face the action plan of implementation of microalgae technologies to impact climate change mitigation.