Lithium-ion batteries dominate the landscape of electrochemical energy storage, driving research on sodium-ion batteries

to focus on enhancing sustainability and cost-effectiveness through the innovation of advanced electrode materials. In this

study, chlorine-doped graphene oxide (ClGO) powders were synthesized as an anode Material for sodium-ion batteries using

a straightforward one-step chronoamperometric method. The morphology of the as-prepared sample has been investigated by

scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. XRD shows that the interlayer distance was increased

due to chlorine doping, with an averaged spacing around 0.67 nm of the plane (002). The charge/discharge curves show initial

specific discharge capacity of 389.7 mAh.g−1 at a current rate of 0.1 C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements

indicate that the powder surface is covalently doped by C–Cl formation. Doping also led to the formation of Cl-containing

oxygenated groups –ClOx, (x = 2, 3, 4). Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy showed that the synthesized powder had double

layers with nanocrystalline domain size (Lα) ~ 49 nm, and the number of sp2

carbon rings was calculated to be ~ 19. The diffusion

coefficient for ClGO determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent

titration technique (GITT) measurements, was found to range between 10–

13 and 10–

10 cm2

s−

1. Besides, the capacity retention

for long-term cycling of 100 cycles at 2C rate was ~ 100%. The results show that this ClGO synthesis method presents

a promising approach for developing potential, feasible, and tunable carbon-based anodes for Na-ion batteries.