Leaching is a critical step in the recycling of cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and nickel-cobaltmanganese

(NCM) oxide, from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Conventional processes typically use aqueous mineral 

acids with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a reductant. Recently, there is a growing attention on the development of nonaqueous

leaching, which works by replacing water-based lixiviants with non-aqueous/water-limited systems, such as 

acidic organic extractants dissolved in non-polar diluents like kerosene. Metallic reductants (e.g., Cu and Al) are attractive 

alternatives to H2O2, with potential for co-recovery of reductant metals and improved transport and handling. This study 

evaluates the effectiveness of metallic reductants (Cu, Al, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn) in the leaching of cathode materials (LCO 

and NCM) under both aqueous and non-aqueous leaching systems. In aqueous leaching (using H2SO4), all the tested 

metallic reductants demonstrated effectiveness in advancing the leaching of cathode materials, and their performance was 

influenced by three key factors: (i) redox reactions, (ii) hydrogen gas (H2) formation, and (iii) cementation processes. In 

contrast, non-aqueous leaching exhibited a more complex mechanism, with Cu identified as the only effective reductant. 

This result prompted the proposal of leaching equilibria specific to the non-aqueous system. The study further investigated 

the effects of several parameters, including the mass ratio of metal reductant to cathode material, the presence of graphite, 

and, in the case of non-aqueous leaching, the impact of water addition and the choice of organic extractants.