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Received October 24, 2025
Revised January 22, 2026
Accepted February 9, 2026
Available online June 26, 2026
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
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Pyrolysis of Soybean Residue for Bioenergy Valorization: Kinetic Parameters and Environmental Benefits
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-026-00672-9
Abstract
For the thermochemical valorization of okara (soybean residue), pyrolysis fixed-bed experiments and its kinetic analysis
were conducted. Okara exhibited a major mass loss between 200 and 500 °C with observed derivative thermogravimetry
curves corresponding to hemicellulose and cellulose, which was also confirmed by real time FTIR. From the fixed-bed
pyrolysis experiments, the resulting pyrolysis oil, gas and char achieved average yields of 42±1.4%, 32±2.6%, and
26±1.7%, respectively. The components of pyrolysis oil are primarily derived from hemicellulose and cellulose, with
acids>furans>ketones>alcohols being the most abundant in that order. The most abundant compounds among them were
acetic acid and furfuryl alcohol, with maximums of 38.59% and 7.86%, respectively. In the kinetic analysis, okara showed
high R2
values of 0.15−0.65 for the conversion rate, corresponding to the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose. The
activation energy (Eα) values were found to be in the ranges of 136−503 kJ/mol. The pre-exponential factor (A) values
were mostly A≥1E+09, indicating a ‘loose’ complex mechanism. The master plot showed that okara pyrolysis is similar
to the power law mechanism of the nucleation model.
