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- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received August 24, 2025
Revised February 22, 2026
Accepted March 3, 2026
Available online May 25, 2026
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Microporous Carbon-Based Adsorbent Impregnated with NaHCO3 for the Effective Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium from the Aquatic Environment, Blood, and Conventional Medicinal Extracts
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-026-00699-y
Abstract
Developing highly effective materials to eliminate Cr (VI) from aquatic environments, animal blood, and traditional Kashmir medicines is crucial for environmental safety and public health. The present work sought to assess the efficacy of biochar derived from red algae in eliminating Cr (VI) by impregnating red algae (polysiphonia) with NaHCO3.Red algae and NaHCO3 were combined in a mass ratio of 1:3, and the resultant mixture was then calcined at 900 °C to produce NaHCO3-activated biochar (NaRAB-4), which has exceptional adsorption capacities for Cr (VI). The NaRAB-4 biochar was characterized by BET, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS to clarify their composition, shape, and physicochemical characteristics.
The surface areas of NaRAB-0 and NaRAB-4 were 960.64 and 2203.56 m2 g−1, respectively. The adsorption of Cr (VI) onto the NaRAB-4 biochar occurs via pore diffusion, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction.
Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics were used to thoroughly assess the adsorption effectiveness of Cr (VI) on two micropore-rich biochar Experimental research indicates that NaRAB-4 exhibits a noteworthy adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 615.46 mg. g−1 in various environmental scenarios. Furthermore, the NaRAB-4 adsorbent also showed
the advantageous property of simple segregation, enabling the preservation of its highly effective in eliminate Cr (VI) even after several reuse cycles. Conclusively, utilizing NaRAB-4, an innovative adsorbent, has significant potential for efficiently eliminating Cr (VI) from various water sources.
