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In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Publication history
Received October 26, 2025
Revised January 20, 2026
Accepted January 22, 2026
Available online May 25, 2026
articles This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Highly Mesoporous Zeolitic Aluminosilicate Supported Tungsten Oxide-doped Titania Nanocomposite Material for Enhanced Cyclohexane Photo-Oxidation Under Visible Light

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Ma Chung 2Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences 3Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University 4Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun YatSen University 5Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University 6Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) 7Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH) 8Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University 910 Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
kumar@kmu.edu.tw, lsling@utm.my
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, May 2026, 43(6), 1607-1619(13)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-026-00655-w

Abstract

Cyclohexane oxidation is crucial in producing adipic acid and caprolactam, essential precursors for the manufacture of 

various polymers. However, homogeneous catalysts achieve the highest cyclohexane conversion, suggesting the need 

for further research. We present a facile synthesis of mesoporous tungsten oxide-doped titania (WO3-TiO2) supported on 

the Technische Universitat Delft-Crystalline (TUD-C) material for enhanced cyclohexane photo-oxidation under visible 

light. In this work, TUD-C mesoporous zeolite was applied as a catalytic support material for WO3-TiO2. Various molar 

percentages of WO3 (0–1 mol%) were doped into TiO2 to achieve the optimal ratio for maximum catalytic performance. 

FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses indicated that Mordenite Framework Inverted (MFI) zeolitic frameworks formed within 

the TUD-C support materials. Additionally, the porosity study showed that the resulting TUD-C-supported materials were 

mesoporous and possessed high specific areas. Based on the DRUV-Vis spectra obtained, WO3 was loaded into TiO2 in all 

the TUD-C-supported WO3-TiO2 samples, resulting in improved photocatalytic efficiency due to increase in oxidative sites 

and reduced band gap. FESEM and TEM analysis results revealed uniform dispersion of WO3-TiO2 on TUD-C, without 

agglomeration or aggregation of the particles. The photocatalytic performance of WO3-doped TiO2 supported on TUD-C 

materials was evaluated for cyclohexane photo-oxidation under visible light for 4 h. Results demonstrated that TiO2

photocatalytic activity was enhanced 2-fold in the presence of WO3 dopant and TUD-C support. These findings strongly 

suggest that the promising catalysts supported on TUD-C materials can be synthesized via a simple, eco-friendly, and 

cost-effective approach, potentially enabling large-scale manufacturing of products that meet future clean energy needs.

The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers. F5,119, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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