Articles & Issues
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- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received October 26, 2025
Revised January 20, 2026
Accepted January 22, 2026
Available online May 25, 2026
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Highly Mesoporous Zeolitic Aluminosilicate Supported Tungsten Oxide-doped Titania Nanocomposite Material for Enhanced Cyclohexane Photo-Oxidation Under Visible Light
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-026-00655-w
Abstract
Cyclohexane oxidation is crucial in producing adipic acid and caprolactam, essential precursors for the manufacture of
various polymers. However, homogeneous catalysts achieve the highest cyclohexane conversion, suggesting the need
for further research. We present a facile synthesis of mesoporous tungsten oxide-doped titania (WO3-TiO2) supported on
the Technische Universitat Delft-Crystalline (TUD-C) material for enhanced cyclohexane photo-oxidation under visible
light. In this work, TUD-C mesoporous zeolite was applied as a catalytic support material for WO3-TiO2. Various molar
percentages of WO3 (0–1 mol%) were doped into TiO2 to achieve the optimal ratio for maximum catalytic performance.
FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses indicated that Mordenite Framework Inverted (MFI) zeolitic frameworks formed within
the TUD-C support materials. Additionally, the porosity study showed that the resulting TUD-C-supported materials were
mesoporous and possessed high specific areas. Based on the DRUV-Vis spectra obtained, WO3 was loaded into TiO2 in all
the TUD-C-supported WO3-TiO2 samples, resulting in improved photocatalytic efficiency due to increase in oxidative sites
and reduced band gap. FESEM and TEM analysis results revealed uniform dispersion of WO3-TiO2 on TUD-C, without
agglomeration or aggregation of the particles. The photocatalytic performance of WO3-doped TiO2 supported on TUD-C
materials was evaluated for cyclohexane photo-oxidation under visible light for 4 h. Results demonstrated that TiO2
photocatalytic activity was enhanced 2-fold in the presence of WO3 dopant and TUD-C support. These findings strongly
suggest that the promising catalysts supported on TUD-C materials can be synthesized via a simple, eco-friendly, and
cost-effective approach, potentially enabling large-scale manufacturing of products that meet future clean energy needs.

