Sewer system biofi lm development raises signifi cant operational and public health concerns, including decreased hydraulic 

capacity, increased maintenance costs, infrastructure corrosion, and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. This review 

critically discusses both traditional and novel methods for controlling the development of sewer biofi lms. Traditional 

methods involving chemical biocides and disinfectants are discussed, along with their eff ectiveness and limitations, particularly

environmental concerns and the development of microbial resistance. Physical procedures, including mechanical 

cleaning and pipe scrubbing, have been evaluated for their effi cacy and potential side eff ects. Emerging methods involving

antimicrobial coatings (such as silver nanomaterials and copper), enzymatic treatment of biofi lm matrix components, 

and the application of metal-resistant materials to biofi lms (including hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials) have 

been examined. Multi-strategic, combined approaches are excellent tools for addressing the multifaceted problem of sewer 

biofi lms. The review highlights key gaps for continued work and suggests directions for studies to develop more viable, 

environmentally friendly methods for controlling sewer biofi lms. By integrating recent developments, the review off ers 

practical recommendations for managing sewer biofi lms to protect sewer infrastructure and public health.