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- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received November 1, 2024
Revised February 9, 2025
Accepted February 12, 2025
Available online July 25, 2025
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Thermal Decomposition and Combustion Performance of Energetic Materials/Ti Systems
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00418-z
Abstract
The output energy properties of the AP/Ti, Cl-20/Ti, HMX/Ti, and DAP-4/Ti mixtures were compared using an oxygen
bomb calorimeter. The thermal decomposition processes of the above four kinds of mixed energetic materials were studied
with a diff erential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and the apparent activation energies of the mixed materials were calculated
using the Kissinger equation. The combustion fl ames of the four energetic materials were captured through high-speed photography,
and the combustion properties of the mixed energetic materials with titanium powders were analyzed. The results
indicate that the combustion heat value of DAP-4/Ti mixed energetic materials is up to 10,133 J·g −1 , signifi cantly higher than
the 8613 J·g −1 of the Cl-20/Ti mixture and the 9720 J·g −1 of the HMX/Ti mixture. The combustion process of the DAP-4/
Ti mixture only takes 145 ms. The heat release, burning rate, and fl ame strength of the DAP-4/Ti mixture are better than
those of other mixed energetic materials. The calculated apparent activation energy of DAP-4/Ti mixture is 150.4 kJ·mol −1 ,
which is 55 kJ·mol −1 lower than that of DAP-4. The apparent activation energies of Cl-20/Ti and HMX/Ti are 173.6 kJ·mol −1
and 317.2 kJ·mol −1 , respectively. These fi ndings demonstrate that DAP-4/Ti mixed energetic materials exhibit good energy
characteristics and combustion performance.

