Soil contamination with metalloids such as arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) and heavy metals such as lead (Pb) in agricultural

area surrounding mines aff ects growth of crops. Because As and Sb are stabilized by iron (Fe) hydroxide and heavy

metals are stabilized by phosphate, iron phosphate-coated biochar (IPCB) simultaneously stabilizes metal(loid)s and prevents

detrimental eff ect of metal(loid)s on crops. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate lettuce growth followed

by metal stabilization in soil by treating metal contaminated soil with IPCB. The lettuce grown in single and mixed

metal(loid)-contaminated soil treated with IPCB showed higher dry biomass, chlorophyll content measured by soil plant

analysis development (SPAD) meter, and Fv/Fm values than without IPCB indicating that IPCB mitigated toxic eff ect of

metal(loid)s. The IPCB decreased bioavailable As, Sb, and Pb by 40.8 ± 3.0%, 23.5 ± 0.5%, and 99.0 ± 0.4% in single contaminated

soil, which further decreased in mixed metal(loid)-contaminated soil. Arsenic, Sb, and Pb uptake of lettuce shoots

decreased by 21.6 ± 9.4%, 19.1 ± 1.1%, and 74.5 ± 17.3% in single contaminated soil, respectively, compared to the control.

Arsenic (78.8 ± 5.5% reduction compared to the control) and Pb (80.6 ± 13.4%) uptake as well as Sb (100.0 ± 0.0%) and Pb

(12.2 ± 0.7%) uptake further reduced in mixed contaminated soil. In mixed contaminated soil, immobilization of metal(loid)

s by IPCB was enhanced because of phosphate substitution by oxyanions reacted with Fe and subsequent immobilization

of phosphate with Pb. In addition, increased soil pH by IPCB contributed to stabilization of metal(loid)s. The simultaneous

stabilization of metal(loid)s and nutrient supply by IPCB mitigated adverse eff ects of metal(loid)s on plants and promoted

plant growth, thereby remediating metal(loid)-contaminated soil.