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- English
- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received November 16, 2024
Accepted January 11, 2025
Available online June 25, 2025
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Transformation of Spent NCM811 into Effi cient TMO Electrocatalysts
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00393-5
Abstract
The expansion of electric vehicles has increased spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) containing valuable transition metals.
Recycling these materials reduces economic costs and addresses resource shortages. Additionally, transition metal-based
catalysts derived from spent LIBs can replace expensive noble metal catalysts. This study examines the catalytic performance
of spent LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) materials, enhanced by adjusting mixed valence states and defect structures.
Increasing calcination temperature transformed the layered structure into spinel and rock salt phases, inducing mixed valence
states. Consequently, the optimized NCM catalysts exhibited improved catalytic activity in both the oxygen reduction reaction
(ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The ORR onset potential increased by 0.07 V, while the OER overpotential
decreased by about 26.9%. In a zinc-air battery, the optimized catalyst demonstrated a discharge capacity of 792.1 mAh g
