This review critically examines seawater batteries (SWBs) as an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of conventional

lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As the global transition toward sustainable energy systems accelerates, fundamental

vulnerabilities of LIBs—including resource scarcity, thermal safety concerns, and environmental degradation—have become

increasingly apparent. SWBs emerge as a promising alternative by utilizing abundant sodium ions in seawater, eff ectively

avoiding resource-intensive mining while providing inherent thermal management capabilities. The review systematically

analyzes the evolution of SWB technology, focusing particularly on recent developments in anode materials across three

distinct categories: hard carbon-based intercalation materials, alloy-based compounds, and conversion reaction materials.

It elucidates how strategic material design approaches, including structural modifi cations, heteroatom doping, and hybrid

composites, eff ectively address critical challenges such as capacity fading and volume expansion. The integration of sustainable

precursors, exemplifi ed by biomass-derived carbons, maintains high electrochemical performance while meeting

environmental imperatives. Additionally, signifi cant advances in electrolyte formulations and cell architecture demonstrate

their collective contribution to system effi ciency and scalability. While several challenges persist, including interface stability

optimization and marine corrosion mitigation, SWBs present a promising pathway toward large-scale energy storage systems

through their unique combination of abundant resources, inherent safety features, and advancing material technologies.