The exposure of long-lived radionuclides is extremely hazardous to the living organism and environments. Radionuclides

can be broadly divided into α, β, and/or γ emitter, all of which exhibit diverse chemistry/chemical properties, and therefore,

require diff erent analytical tools/techniques for their measurements in the defi ned samples. In this review, we discuss the

major progress in chemistry and analysis of α, β, and γ emitting radionuclides. More specifi cally, we focus on uranium-238

( 238 U), technetium-99 ( 99 Tc), and cesium-137 ( 137 Cs) as representatives for α, β, and γ emitting radionuclide, respectively.

First, we present the detailed chemical properties/species of these radionuclides in the given environmental conditions. Later,

this review focuses on the common analytical techniques used for the determination of 238 U, 99 Tc, and 137 Cs radionuclides in

the given/environmental samples, including both the radiometry (α, β, and γ spectrometry) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Finally, we debate future challenges that need to be considered in developing advanced analytical approaches for measurements

of various radionuclides in the environmental samples using both radiometry as well as mass spectrometry. We believe

that this review will inspire research on the scope and application of key methods to effi ciently defi ne the chemical forms

and analysis of α, β, and γ emitting radionuclides in the various environments.