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- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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Received September 23, 2024
Accepted December 25, 2024
Available online March 25, 2025
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Synthesis, Structural and Photocatalytic Behavior of Sn–F Co-Doped TiO 2 Nanomaterials
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00374-0
Abstract
of modifying agents (0.3–10 mol.% Sn 4+ and 0.3–10 mol.% F − ) and calcination temperature (500–800 °C) on the properties
of the resulting nanomaterials was studied. Nanomaterials were analyzed using X-ray diff raction, high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diff raction, diff erential scanning
calorimetric and thermogravimetric analyses, UV–visible diff use refl ectance spectroscopy and other methods. It was found
that the amounts of introduced Sn 4+ and F − ions and the temperature of the heat treatment regulate the phase composition and
particle size of the resulting nanomaterials, as well as adjust the photocatalytic properties of the materials to be activated by
UV and visible light. The materials are nanoscale, with an average size is 13–57 nm depending on the synthesis conditions.
The best photocatalytic performance was observed for a material containing 0.3 mol.% Sn 4+ and 0.6 mol.% F − . Co-doping
of TiO 2 with F − and Sn 4+ ions signifi cantly enhances the photocatalytic properties of TiO 2 in both visible and ultraviolet
ranges, owing to a decrease in the band gap.
