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- Conflict of Interest
- In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Publication history
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Received April 14, 2025
Revised June 5, 2025
Accepted June 20, 2025
Available online October 25, 2025
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Analysis and Optimization of Waste Heat Recovery from Ammonia Containers and an Ammonia Decomposition-Based Hydrogen Production and Liquefaction System
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00508-y
Abstract
To address the utilization of fl ue gas waste heat from ammonia vessel combustion, cold energy and a small amount of ammonia,
a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) supply and a small-scale ammonia-to-hydrogen system with a mass
fl ow rate of 44.78 kg/h were designed. The system was simulated using Aspen HYSYS software . An equilibrium hydrogen
model for the conversion process from orthohydrogen to parahydrogen is demonstrated to prove the feasibility of a hydrogen
liquefaction system . The thermodynamic performance and economic sensitivity performance analysis of the system was
performed by changing the parameters. The MATLAB software was used to perform multi-objective optimization of the
system, which was combined with the energy analysis to determine the distribution of energy use in the system. The results
show that the highest net output power of the system is 1391.83 kW, at which time the thermal effi ciency is 42.37% and the
specifi c energy consumption is 6.33 kW/kg. The optimized exergy effi ciency, Heat exchange area per net unit power (APR)
and Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) were 63.297%, 4.926 $/kg-LH 2 and 0.506 m 2 /kW, respectively. This system is of
greater signifi cance for environmental protection and energy transition .
