This study presents a systematic optimization of a silver–graphene-based conductive paste by integrating multiple design

of experiments methodologies across its three core components: particle synthesis, binder formulation, and fi nal paste compounding.

Four key synthesis variables—solvent ratio (BCA/EtOH), ultrasonic power, reaction temperature, and synthesis

time—were evaluated using a full factorial design to control the thickness of the carbon layer on Ag–graphene particles.

Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Pareto charts, identifi ed solvent ratio, ultrasonic power, and temperature as signifi

cant factors aff ecting carbon thickness, with time being negligible. Response optimization revealed optimal synthesis

conditions that minimize thickness while ensuring uniform dispersion. For binder development, a mixture design approach

was employed to determine the ideal proportions of epoxy resin, hardener, and additives. The optimal binder formulation

was identifi ed at a ratio of 0.90:0.01:0.09 (Resin:Hardener:Additive), ensuring stability and processability. Finally, Central

Composite Design was applied to optimize the conductive paste by evaluating the eff ects of binder ratio and synthesis temperature

on electrical conductivity and shear strength. A total of nine experimental conditions enabled the construction of

second-order polynomial models. Statistical analysis confi rmed high model signifi cance ( P < 0.01) with R 2 values exceeding

0.95 for conductivity and 0.99 for shear strength. Contour plots revealed that reduced binder content improved conductivity,

while both higher binder ratio and temperature enhanced mechanical strength. The optimized conditions achieved a balance

between electrical performance and structural integrity, demonstrating the effi cacy of the CCD approach for multivariable

paste optimization.