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In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Publication history
Received December 11, 2024
Revised January 15, 2025
Accepted January 21, 2025
Available online August 25, 2025
articles This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Green and Scalable Synthesis of Superhydrophobic Carbon Quantum Dots (S‑CQDs) for Self‑Cleaning Textiles

Department of Textile Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University 2Faisalabad Business School, National Textile University 3Department of Materials, School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University,
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, August 2025, 42(10), 2399-2413(15)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00403-6

Abstract

Superhydrophobic materials are gaining significant interest for their self-cleaning properties. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs)

offer a promising avenue due to their unique nanostructure and tunable properties. However, traditional CQD synthesis

methods often suffer from low yields and complex purification processes. This study presents a facile one-step hydrothermal

synthesis of superhydrophobic carbon quantum dots (SCQDs) using dithiobenzoic acid and melamine, with an eco-friendly

hydrophobic passivating agent. This approach yields SCQDs with a production yield exceeding 80% and a scalable purification

technique involving solvent-induced precipitation and microfiltration. The synthesized SCQDs exhibit crystalline carbon

cores of 2–8 nm, fully encapsulated by hydrophobic polymeric chains, resulting in exceptional superhydrophobic properties.

Water droplets readily roll off SCQD-treated surfaces, achieving a contact angle of 163.64°. To demonstrate practical

application, SCQDs were coated onto textile fabric using a simple dip-coating method with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

binder. The SCQD-coated fabric exhibits self-cleaning properties, even at a 10° inclination angle, while maintaining fabric

porosity. This facile and scalable approach for producing SCQDs opens up new possibilities for various self-cleaning applications,

including healthcare and outdoor wearables. The exceptional durability and environmental friendliness of SCQDs

make them a promising solution for sustainable and efficient self-cleaning technologies.

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