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Conflict of Interest: In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Publication history: Received July 29, 2014
Accepted December 17, 2014

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Hydrothermal carbonization of oil palm shell

Sabzoi Nizamuddin¹ Natesan Subramanian Jayakumar^1† Jaya Narayan Sahu² Poobalan Ganesan³ Abdul Waheed Bhutto⁴ Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak^{5 6}

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia ²Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P. O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam ³Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia ⁴Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, M.A Jinnah Road, Karachi, Pakistan ⁵Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia, Korea ⁶Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, September 2015, 32(9), 1789-1797(9), 10.1007/s11814-014-0376-9

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Abstract

Palm shell is one of the most plentiful wastes of the palm oil mill industry. This study identifies the capability of hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) to convert palm shell into high energy hydrochar. The influence of reaction time and reaction temperature of the HTC process was investigated. The process parameters selected were temperature 200 oC to 240 oC, time 10 to 60min, and water to biomass ratio was fixed at 10 : 1 by weight %. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental, proximate, Burner Emmett and Teller (BET), thermo-gravimetric (TGA) analyses were performed to characterize the product and the feed. The heating value (HHV) was increased from 12.24 MJ/kg (raw palm shell) to 22.11 MJ/kg (hydrochar produced at 240 oC and 60 min). The hydrochar yield exhibited a higher degree inverse proportionality with temperature and reaction time. Elemental analysis revealed an increase in carbon percentage and a proportional decrease in hydrogen and oxygen contents which caused higher value of HHV. The dehydration and decarboxylation reactions take place at higher temperatures during HTC resulting in the increase of carbon and decrease in oxygen values of hydrochar. The FESEM results reveal that the structure of raw palm shell was decomposed by HTC process. The pores on the surface of hydrochar increased as compared to the raw palm shell.

Keywords

Hydrothermal Carbonization Palm Shell Hydrochar Characterization Renewable Energy

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