Issue
Korean Chemical Engineering Research,
Vol.54, No.6, 723-733, 2016
구리 전해 도금을 이용한 실리콘 관통 비아 채움 공정
Through-Silicon-Via Filling Process Using Cu Electrodeposition
반도체 배선 미세화에 의한 한계를 극복하기 위해 실리콘 관통 비아(through silicon via, TSV)를 사용한 소자의 3차원 적층에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. TSV 내부는 전해도금을 통해 구리로 채우며, 소자의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 결함 없는 TSV의 채움이 요구된다. TSV 입구와 벽면에서는 구리 전착을 억제하고, TSV 바닥에서 선택적으로 구리전착을 유도하는 바닥 차오름을 통해 무결함 채움이 가능하다. 전해 도금액에 포함되는 유기 첨가제는 TSV 위치에 따라 국부적으로 구리 전착 속도를 결정하여 무결함 채움을 가능하게 한다. TSV의 채움 메커니즘은 첨가제의 거동에 기반하여 규명되므로 첨가제의 특성을 이해하는 연구가 선행되어야 한다. 본 총설에서는 첨가제의 작용기작을 바탕으로 하는 다양한 채움 메커니즘, TSV 채움 효율을 개선하기 위한 평탄제의 개발과 3-첨가제 시스템에서의 연구, 첨가제 작용기와 도금 방법의 수정을 통한 채움 특성의 향상에 관한 연구를 소개한다.
Intensive researches have been focused on the 3-dimensional packaging technology using through silicon via (TSV) to overcome the limitation in Cu interconnection scaling. Void-free filling of TSV by the Cu electrodeposition is required for the fabrication of reliable electronic devices. It is generally known that sufficient inhibition on the top and the sidewall of TSV, accompanying the selective Cu deposition on the bottom, enables the void-free bottom-up filling. Organic additives contained in the electrolyte locally determine the deposition rate of Cu inside the TSV. Investigation on the additive chemistry is essential for understanding the filling mechanisms of TSV based on the effects of additives in the Cu electrodeposition process. In this review, we introduce various filling mechanisms suggested by analyzing the additives effect, research on the three-additive system containing new levelers synthesized to increase efficiency of the filling process, and methods to improve the filling performance by modifying the functional groups of the additives or deposition mode.
[References]
  1. Ryan JG, Geffken RM, Poulin NR, Paraszczak JR, IBM J. Res. Dev., 39, 371, 1995
  2. Interconnect, ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, on-line document), 2015 edition, International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors(2015).
  3. Yoshinaga T, Nomura M, Sci. Technol. Trends, 37, 26, 2010
  4. Lee CH, Hwang S, Kim SC, Kim JJ, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 9(10), C157, 2006
  5. Inoue F, Shimizu T, Yokoyama T, Miyake H, Kondo K, Saito T, Hayashi T, Tanaka S, Terui T, Shingubara S, Electrochim. Acta, 56(17), 6245, 2011
  6. Lim T, Koo HC, Kim KH, Park KJ, Kim MJ, Kwon OJ, Kim JJ, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 14(9), D95, 2011
  7. Kim KH, Lim T, Kim MJ, Choe S, Park KJ, Ahn SH, Kwon OJ, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(14), D756, 2014
  8. Park KJ, Kim MJ, Lim T, Koo HC, Kim JJ, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 15(5), D26, 2012
  9. Bernasconi R, Molazemhosseini A, Cervati M, Armini S, Magagnin L, J. Electron. Mater., 1, 2016
  10. Kim MJ, Kim JJ, Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 52(1), 26, 2014
  11. Cho SK, Kim MJ, Kim JJ, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 14(5), D52, 2011
  12. Zhu Y, Ma S, Sun X, Chen J, Miao M, Jin Y, Microelectron. Eng., 117, 8, 2014
  13. Kong L, Lloyd J, Yeap K, Zschech E, Rudack A, Liehr M, Diebold A, J. Appl. Phys., 110, 053502, 2011
  14. Nguyen A, Fealey K, Reilly P, Pattanaik G, Gracias A, Wafula F, Flynn M, Enloe J, J. Microelectromech. Pack., 12, 43, 2015
  15. Kim SK, Kim JJ, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 7(9), C98, 2004
  16. Cho SK, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152(5), C330, 2005
  17. Choe S, Kim MJ, Kim HC, Cho SK, Ahn SH, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electroanal. Chem., 160, D3179, 2013
  18. Kim JJ, Kim SK, Kim YS, J. Electroanal. Chem., 542, 61, 2003
  19. Cho SK, Kim HC, Kim MJ, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, D428, 2016
  20. Gallaway JW, West AC, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155(10), D632, 2008
  21. Gallaway JW, Willey MJ, West AC, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156(4), D146, 2009
  22. Gallaway JW, Willey MJ, West AC, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156(8), D287, 2009
  23. Cao Y, Taephaisitphongse P, Chalupa R, West AC, J. Electroanal. Chem., 148, C466, 2001
  24. Kim SK, Josell D, Moffat TP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153(9), C616, 2006
  25. Moffat TP, Wheeler D, Edelstein MD, Josell D, IBM J. Res. Dev., 49, 19, 2005
  26. Moffat TP, Wheeler D, Kim SK, Josell D, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153(2), C127, 2006
  27. Moffat TP, Josell D, Isr. J. Chem., 50, 312, 2010
  28. Cho SK, Kim MJ, Koo HC, Kim SK, Kim JJ, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 33, 1603, 2012
  29. Moffat TP, Bonevich JE, Huber WH, Stanishevsky A, Kelly DR, Stafford GR, Josell D, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147(12), 4524, 2000
  30. Zhang YZ, Ding GF, Wang H, Cheng P, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(9), D427, 2015
  31. Kondo K, Suzuki Y, Saito T, Okamoto N, Takauchi M, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 13(5), D26, 2010
  32. Hayashi T, Kondo K, Saito T, Takeuchi M, Okamoto N, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158(12), D715, 2011
  33. Hayashi T, Kondo K, Saito T, Okamoto N, Yokoi M, Takeuchi M, Bunya M, Marunaka M, Tsuchiya T, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(6), D256, 2013
  34. Sun JJ, Kondo K, Okamura T, Oh S, Tomisaka M, Yonemura H, Hoshino M, Takahashi K, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, C355, 2003
  35. Luhn O, Van Hoof C, Ruythooren W, Celis JP, Electrochim. Acta, 54(9), 2504, 2009
  36. Casas JM, Alvarez F, Cifuentes L, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55(24), 6223, 2000
  37. Moffat TP, Josell D, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159(4), D208, 2012
  38. Josell D, Wheeler D, Moffat TP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159(10), D570, 2012
  39. Wheeler D, Moffat TP, Josell D, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3260, 2013
  40. Yang L, Radisic A, Deconinck J, Vereecken PM, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(5), D269, 2014
  41. Josell D, Moffat TP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3035, 2013
  42. Josell D, Moffat TP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(3), D129, 2015
  43. Josell D, Moffat TP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163(7), D322, 2016
  44. Luhn O, Radisic A, Vereecken PM, Van Hoof C, Ruythooren W, Celis JP, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 12(5), D39, 2009
  45. Luhn O, Radisic A, Van Hoof C, Ruythooren W, Celis JP, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(4), D242, 2010
  46. Hayase M, Otsubo K, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(12), D628, 2010
  47. Matsuoka T, Otsubo K, Onishi Y, Amaya K, Hayase M, Electrochim. Acta, 82, 356, 2012
  48. Hayase M, Nagao M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3216, 2013
  49. Kim HC, Choe S, Cho JY, Lee D, Jung I, Cho WS, Kim MJ, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(3), D109, 2015
  50. Moffat TP, Wheeler D, Josell D, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151(4), C262, 2004
  51. Delbos E, Omnes L, Etcheberry A, Microelectron. Eng., 87, 514, 2010
  52. Tsai TH, Huang JH, J. Micromech. Microeng., 20, 115023, 2010
  53. Cao HY, Hang T, Ling HQ, Li M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(4), D146, 2013
  54. Yang L, Radisic A, Deconinck J, Vereecken PM, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3051, 2013
  55. Kim MJ, Kim HC, Choe S, Cho JY, Lee D, Jung I, Cho WS, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3221, 2013
  56. Kim MJ, Seo Y, Kim HC, Lee Y, Choe S, Kim YG, Cho SK, Kim JJ, Electrochim. Acta, 163, 174, 2015
  57. Yanson YI, Rost MJ, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 52, 2454, 2013
  58. Nagy Z, Blaudeau JP, Hung NC, Curtiss LA, Zurawski DJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142(6), L87, 1995
  59. Moffat TP, Yang LYO, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(4), D228, 2010
  60. Feng ZV, Li X, Gewirth AA, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(35), 9415, 2003
  61. Dow WP, Huang HS, Yen MY, Chen HH, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152(2), C77, 2005
  62. Kim HC, Kim MJ, Choe S, Lim T, Park KJ, Kim KH, Ahn SH, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(14), D749, 2014
  63. Kondo K, Yamada Y, Yokoi M, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162(8), D397, 2015
  64. Kim MJ, Seo Y, Oh JH, Lee Y, Kim HC, Kim YG, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163(5), D185, 2016
  65. Kim MJ, Kim HC, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, D434, 2016
  66. Choe S, Kim MJ, Kim HC, Lim T, Park KJ, Kim KH, Ahn SH, Lee A, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electroanal. Chem., 714-715, 85, 2014
  67. Choe S, Kim MJ, Kim KH, Kim HC, Jeon Y, Kim TY, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163(2), D33, 2016
  68. Kim MJ, Cho SK, Koo HC, Lim T, Park KJ, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(11), D564, 2010
  69. Lu L, Shen Y, Chen X, Qian L, Lu K, Science, 304, 422, 2004
  70. Jin S, Wang G, Yoo B, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3300, 2013
  71. Jin S, Seo S, Wang G, Yoo B, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 16, 5410, 2016
  72. Hong SC, Lee WG, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Jung JP, Microelectron. Reliab., 51, 2228, 2011
  73. Zhu QS, Toda A, Zhang Y, Itoh T, Maeda R, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161(5), D263, 2014
  74. Kim MJ, Lim T, Park KJ, Cho SK, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159(9), D538, 2012
  75. Kim MJ, Lim T, Park KJ, Kwon OJ, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159(9), D544, 2012
  76. Kim MJ, Lim T, Park KJ, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3081, 2013
  77. Kim MJ, Lim T, Park KJ, Kim SK, Kim JJ, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(12), D3088, 2013
  78. Wang Z, Wang H, Cheng P, Ding G, Zhao X, J. Micromech. Microeng., 24, 085013, 2014
  79. Kim HC, Kim MJ, Seo Y, Lee Y, Choe S, Kim YG, Cho SK, Kim JJ, ECS Electrochem. Lett., 4, D31, 2015