의료 현장과 가정에서 누구나 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 자가 진단 기기의 보편화를 위해 별도의 전처리가 필요 없는 일

회용 비효소적 센서에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 저비용·고성능의 전극 소재 개발의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에

서는 저가의 pencil graphite를 기반으로 전도성 고분자 폴리아닐린(polyaniline; PANI)과 금속 백금 나노입자(Pt NPs)

를 도입하여 고성능 글루코스 검출용 비효소적 전기화학센서에 적용하여 시간대전류법(CA)과 순환전압 전류법(CV),

전기화학 임피던스(EIS) 분석법을 이용하여 분석하였다. Pt NPs/PANI/PGE 전극은 폴리아닐린의 넓은 비표면적과 나

노입자의 균일한 분산, 그리고 알칼리 환경에서 백금 표면에 Pt-OH 형성과 글루코스의 산화 촉진을 통한 촉매 활성

증가 덕분에 글루코스 검출에 대해 넓은 선형 농도 구간과 향상된 감도, 빠른 감응 시간, 우수한 선택도 등 센싱 성능

이 향상되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 향후 다양한 나노 물질들을 활용하여 PGEs 기반의 고성능 전극 소재를 개발

할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

As interest in disposable, non-enzymatic sensors that require no pretreatment for easy use in both clinical

settings and home environments, the development of cost-effective and high-performance electrode materials has become

increasingly important. In this study, a high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose detection

was fabricated using low-cost pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) modified with polyaniline (PANI) and platinum nanoparticles

(Pt NPs). The electrochemical properties were characterized using chronoamperometry (CA), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Pt NPs/PANI/PGE electrode exhibited a wide linear range, enhanced

sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent selectivity. This superior sensing performance was attributed to the large specific

surface area of PANI, the uniform dispersion of Pt NPs, and the accelerated catalytic oxidation of glucose resulting from

the formation of Pt-OH species on the Pt surface under alkaline conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of

PGE-based electrodes incorporating various nanomaterials for the development of high-performance, cost-effective

electrochemical sensors.

Pencil graphite electrode, Polyaniline, Pt nanoparticles, Non-enzymatic sensor, Glucose

1. Dincer, C., Bruch, R., Costa-Rama, E., Fernández-Abedul, M.
T., Merkoçi, Manz, A., Urban, G. A. and Güder, F., “Disposable
Sensors in Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring,”
Adv. Mater., 31, 1806739(2019).
2. Ronkainen, N. J., Halsall, H. B. and Heineman, W. R., “Electrochemical
Biosensors,” Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 1747-1763(2010).
3. Wang, J., “Analytical Electrochemistry,” John Wiley and Sons.,
New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto (2000).
4. Toghill, K. E. and Compton, R. G., “Electrochemical Non-enzymatic
Glucose Sensors: A Perspective and An Evaluation,” Int. J.
Electrochem. Soc., 5, 1246-1301(2010).
5. Park, S., Boo, H. and Chung, T. D., “Electrochemical Non-enzymatic
Glucose Sensors,” Anal. Chim. Acta, 556, 46-57(2006).
6. Yoo, E. H. and Lee, S. Y., “Glucose Biosensors: An Overview of
Use in Clinical Practice,” Sensors, 10, 4558-4576(2010).
7. Gubala, V., Harris, L. F., Ricco, A. J., Tan, M. and Williams, D.
E., “Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future,” Anal. Chem.,
84, 487-515(2012).
8. David, I. G., Popa, D. E. and Buleandra, M., “Pencil Graphite
Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis,” J. Anal. Method
Chem., 2017, 1-22(2017).
9. Kawde, A. N., Baig, N. and Sajid, M., “Graphite Pencil Electrodes
as Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Analysis: A Review
of Features, Developments, and Applications,” RSC Adv., 6, 91325-
91340(2016).
10. Song, M. J., “Electrochemical Characteristics of Pencil Graphite
Electrode Through Surface Modification and Its Application
of Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor,” Korean Chem. Eng. Res.,
62, 147-152(2024).
11. Babu, K. J., Sheet, S., Lee, Y. S. and Kumar, G. G., “Three-dimensional
Dendrite Cu-Co/reduced Graphene Oxide Architectures
on a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode As An Electrochemical
Sensor for Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection,” ACS Sustain. Chem.
Eng., 6, 1909-1918(2018).
12. Kawde, A. N., Aziz, M. A., El-Zohri, M., Baig, N. and Odewunmi,
N., “Cathodized Gold Nanoparticle-modified Graphite Pencil
Electrode for Non-enzymatic Sensitive Voltametric Detection of
Glucose,” Electroanalysis, 29, 1214-1221(2017).
13. Mondal, S., Madhuri, R. and Sharma, P. K., “CuO Nanostructure
Modified Pencil Electrode for Non-enzymatic Detection of Glucose,”
AIP Conf. Proc., 1832, 050011(2017).
14. Hatchett, D. W. and Josowicz, M., “Composites of Intrinsically
Conducting Polymers As Sensing Nanomaterials,” Chem. Rev.,
108, 746-769(2008).
15. Guimard, N., Gomez, N. and Schmidt, C. E., “Conducting Polymers
in Biomedical Engineering,” Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 876-921(2007).
16. Vassilyev, Y. B., Khazova, O. and Nikolaeva, N. N., “Kinetics
and Mechanism of gLucose Electrooxidation on Different Electrode-
catalysts: Part I. Adsorption and Oxidation on Platinum,”
J. Electroanal. Chem., 196, 105-125(1985).
17. Zhai, D., Liu, B., Shi. Y., Pan, L, Wang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, R. and
Yu, G., “Highly Sensitive Glucose Sensor Based on Pt Nanoparticles/
polyaniline Hydrogel Heterostructures,” ACS Nano, 7, 3540-
3546(2013).
18. Welch, C. M. and Compton, R. G., “The Use of Nanoparticles in
Electroanalysis: A Review,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 384, 601-619
(2006).
19. Yasin, H. M., Denuault, G. and Pletcher, D., “Studies of the Electrodeposition
of Platinum Metal From A Hexachloroplatinic Acid
Bath,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 633, 327-332(2009).
20. Bard, A. J. and Faulkner, L. R., “Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals
and Applications,” 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New
York (1980).
21. Trasatti, S. and Petrii, O., “Real Surface Area Measurements in
Electrochemistry,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 327, 353-376(1992).
22. Felix, S., Chakkravarthy, B. P., Jeong, S. K. and Grace, A. N.,
“Synthesis of Pt Decorated Copper Oxide Nanoleaves and Its
Electrochemical Detection of Glucose,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 162,H392-H396(2015).
23. Torz-Piotrowska, R., Wrzyszczyński, A., Paprocki, K., Szreiber,
M., Uniszkiewicz, C. and Staryga, E., “The Application of CVD
Diamond Films in Cyclic Voltammetry,” J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf.
Eng., 37, 486-491(2009).
24. Upadhyay, S., Rao, G. R., Sharma, M. K., Bhattacharya, B. K.,
Rao, V. K. and Vijayaraghavan, R., “Immobilization of Acetylcholineesterase-
choline Oxidase On a Gold-platinum Bimetallic
Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Sensitive
Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides, Carbamates and
Nerve Agents,” Biosens. Bioelectron., 25, 832-838(2009).
25. Malhotra, S., Tang, Y. and Varshney, P. K., “Non-enzymatic Glucose
Sensor Based on Electrodeposition of Platinum Particles on
Polyaniline Modified Pt Electrode,” Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem.,
10, 699-715(2018).
26. Hoa, L. T., Sun, K. G. and Hur, S. H., “Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic
Glucose Sensor Based on Pt nanoparticle Decorated
Graphene Oxide Hydrogel,” Sensors and Actuators B, 210, 618-
623(2015).
27. Yang, Z., Jiang, L. C., Zhang, W. D. and Gunasekaran, S., “A Highly
Sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based On A Simple
Two-step Electrodeposition of Cupric Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles
Onto Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays,” Talanta, 82, 25-33
(2010).