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Received August 27, 2025
Revised November 25, 2025
Accepted November 25, 2025
Available online December 23, 2025
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산화방지제와 금속 비활성화제를 이용한 exo-THDCPD의 흡열 특성 및 코크저감 효과
Endothermic Properties and Coke Reduction of exo-THDCPD using Antioxidants and Metal Deactivators
Chanho Park
Hosun Aum
Daeyoung Kim
Youngjin Kim
Byunghun Jeong1
Hojin Choi1
Dongchang Park1
Jihoon Jung†
경기대학교 1국방과학연구소
Kyonggi Universtiy 1Agency for Defense Development
jhjung@kyonggi.ac.kr
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, February 2026, 64(1), 105147
https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2026.64.1.105147
https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2026.64.1.105147
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Abstract
극초음속 비행체의 비행 중 발생하는 고열을 효율적으로 제어하기 위해 액체 연료 기반 재생냉각 기술이 주목받고 있다 . 그러나 액체 탄화수소 연료는 열분해 과정에서 탄소 침전물인 코크가 생성되는 문제가 있으며 , 이를 억제하기 위 해 소량의 첨가제를 활용하는 방법이 사용되고 있다 . 본 연구에서는 exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (exo-THDCPD) 연료에 산화방지제 (AO) 및 금속 비활성화제 (MDA)를 첨가하여 흡열 특성과 코크 저감 효과를 파악하였다 . 산화방지 제를 첨가한 결과 87%의 코크 저감 효과를 보였으며 , 금속 비활성화제를 첨가한 결과 64%의 코크 저감 효과를 나타 내었다 . 두 첨가제를 동시에 적용한 결과 흡열량은 7% 증가하고 코크는 55% 감소하였으며 , 첨가제 간의 시너지 효과 는 확인되지 않았다 .
Liquid hydrocarbon-based regenerative cooling technology has garnered significant attention for efficiently managing the extreme heat generated during hypersonic flight. However, one major challenge is the formation of carbonaceous deposits, known as coke, during the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels. To mitigate this issue, the use of trace amounts of fuel additives has been proposed. In this study, exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (exo-THDCPD) fuel was blended with an antioxidants (AO) and a metal deactivators (MDA) to evaluate their effects on heat absorption performance and coke reduction. The addition of the antioxidants resulted in an 87% reduction in coke formation, while the metal deactivators achieved a 64% reduction. When both additives were applied simultaneously, the total heat absorption increased by 7% and coke formation was reduced by 55%; however, no synergistic effect was observed between the two additives.
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2. Zhu, Y., Yu, C., Li, Z., Mi, Z. and Zhang, X., “Formation of Coke in Thermal Cracking of Jet Fuel Under Supercritical Con- ditions,” Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China, 2, 17-21 (2008).
3. Nowak, R. J. and Kelly, H. N., “Actively Cooled Airframe Struc- tures for High-speed Flight,” J. Aircr., 14(3), 244-250(1977).
4. Zhang, D., Feng, Y., Zhang, S., Qin, J., Cheng, K., Bao, W. and Yu, D., “Quasi-one-dimensional Model of Scramjet Combustor Cou- pled with Regenerative Cooling,” J. Propul. Power, 32(3), 687- 697(2016).
5. Yin, L., Jiaqiang, E. and Ding, J., “Effect of Cooling Header on the Hydrocarbon Fuel Flow Distribution in a Regenerative Cool- ing Channel,” International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2022(1), 3471421(2022).
6. Tian, K., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Ma, T., Zeng, M. and Wang, Q., “Numerical Investigation of Pyrolysis and Surface Coking of Hydrocarbon Fuel in the Regenerative Cooling Channel,” Energy, 260, 125160(2022).
7. Li, F., Li, Z., Jing, K., Wang, L., Zhang, X. and Liu, G., “Thermal Cracking of Endothermic Hydrocarbon Fuel in Regenerative Cooling Channels with Different Geometric Structures,” Energy Fuels, 32(6), 6524-6534(2018).
8. Towfighi, J., Sadrameli, M. and Niaei, A., “Coke Formation Mecha- nisms and Coke Inhibiting Methods in Pyrolysis Furnaces,” J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 35(10), 923-937(2002).
9. Huang, H., Spadaccini, L. and Sobel, D., “Endothermic Heat-sink of Jet Fuels for Scramjet Cooling,” 3871(2002).
10. Jia, T., Zhao, M., Pan, L., Deng, C., Zou, J. and Zhang, X., “Effect of Phenolic Antioxidants on the Thermal Oxidation Stability of High-energy–density Fuel,” Chemical Engineering Science, 247, 117056(2022).
11. Morris, R. E. and Turner, N. H., “Influences Exerted by Metal Deactivator on the Thermal Stability of Aviation Fuel in the Presence of Copper,” Fuel Science & Technology International, 8(4), 327-350(1990).
12. Braun, J., “Additives,” Lubricants and Lubrication, 117-152(2017).
13. Waynick, J. A., “The Development and Use of Metal Deactiva- tors in the Petroleum Industry: A Review,” Energy Fuels, 15(6), 1325-1340(2001).
14. Clark, R. H., “The Role of a Metal Deactivator in Improving the Thermal Stability of Aviation Kerosines,” 283-293(1988).
15. Daniel, S. R., “Studies of the Mechanisms of Turbine Fuel Insta- bility,” Studies of the Mechanisms of Turbine Fuel Instability, (1983).
16. Golubeva, I. A., Klinaeva, E. V. and Yakovlev, V. S., “Stabilization of Blended Diesel Fuels by Combinations of Antioxidants and Metal Deactivators,” Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils, 30(3-4),(1994).
17. Lu, B., Fan, X., Li, D., Yang, J., Yang, B., Pang, G., Qiao, X. and Chen, B., “Effects of Metals on Thermal Oxidation of Jet Fuel and Mitigation Strategies,” Bo and Pang, Guanghui and Qiao, Xiaoshuang and Chen, Bi, Effects of Metals on Thermal Oxidation of Jet Fuel and Mitigation Strategies.
18. Hu, J., Wang, X., Dai, G., Fei, Y., Wei, X. and Zong, Z., “Evalua- tion on Synergistic Antioxidation of Molybdenum Dialkydithio- carbamate with Arylamine Antioxidant,” Ind Lubr Tribol, 63(2), 78-83(2011).
19. Hu, J., Dai, G., Hu, Y. and Fu, Y., “The Synergistic Antiwear and Frictional Properties of Organic Molybdenum Compound with Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate,” 48108, 77-79(2007).
20. Herbinet, O., Sirjean, B., Bounaceur, R., Fournet, R., Battin-Leclerc, F., Scacchi, G. and Marquaire, P., “Primary Mechanism of the Thermal Decomposition of Tricyclodecane,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 110(39), 11298-11314(2006).
21. Wang, B., Gong, X., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Q. and He, W., “Modelling and Understanding Deposit Formation of Hydrocarbon Fuels From the Coke Characteristics,” Fuel, 319, 123745(2022).
22. Liu, L., Liu, Y., Luo, L., Wang, X., Yan, W., Wang, B. and Zhu, Q., “Coking Behavior During the Cooling Process of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels: Characterization of Coke and Elucidation of Condensation Coking Mechanism,” Petroleum Science, (2025).
23. Fau, G., Gascoin, N. and Steelant, J., “Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis with a Methane Focus: A Review on the Catalytic Effect and the Coke Production,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 108, 1-11(2014).
24. Kim, N., Park, C., Cho, S., Jeong, B. and Jung, J., “Decomposi- tion of Thermally Stable Fuel Using a Cerium-modified Zeolite Catalyst and Endothermic Characteristics,” ACS Omega, 8(45), 43130-43138(2023).
25. Li, H., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, X. and Liu, G., “Pyrolysis and Coke Deposition of JP-10 with Decalin in Regenerative Cool- ing Channels,” Energy Fuels, 36(12), 6096-6108(2022).
26. Sciazko, M., Mertas, B., Kosyrczyk, L. and Sobolewski, A., “A Predictive Model for Coal Coking Based on Product Yield and Energy Balance,” Energies, 13(18), 4953(2020).
27. Zhao, L., Yang, T., Kaiser, R. I., Troy, T. P., Xu, B., Ahmed, M., Alarcon, J., Belisario-Lara, D., Mebel, A. M. and Zhang, Y., “A Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Study on High-temperature Decomposition of JP-10 (exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene),” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19(24), 15780-15807(2017).
28. Jia, T., Zhao, M., Pan, L., Deng, C., Zou, J. and Zhang, X., “Effect of Phenolic Antioxidants on the Thermal Oxidation Stability of High-energy–density Fuel,” Chemical Engineering Science, 247, 117056(2022).
