ISSN: 0304-128X ISSN: 2233-9558
Copyright © 2025 KICHE. All rights reserved

Articles & Issues

Language
korean
Conflict of Interest
In relation to this article, we declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Publication history
Received April 26, 2025
Revised October 5, 2025
Accepted October 13, 2025
Available online November 24, 2025
articles This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright © KIChE. All rights reserved.

Latest issues

대기 환경 용량과 대기 환경 수용 능력 재설정에 관한 고찰: 응축성 먼지를 중심으로

Observations of Resetting for the Atmospheric Environmental Capacity and the Atmospheric Environmental Carrying Capacity Focused on Condensable Particulate Matters

서울시립대학교 1(재)FITI시험연구원
University of Seoul 1FITI Testing & Research Institute
catalica@uos.ac.kr
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, February 2026, 64(1), 105140
https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2026.64.1.105140
downloadDownload PDF

Abstract

본 연구에서는 대기환경종합계획의 주요 키워드 중 하나인 대기 환경 용량  (Atmospheric Environmental Capacity) 에 대하여 우리나라의 실정에 맞는 개념 정리 , 구성요소 파악 및 향후 재산정 방향에 대하여 고찰하였다 . 우리나라 대 기 환경 용량의 재설정 방향을 찾기 위하여 지금까지 국내외 대기 환경 용량 (atmospheric environmental capacity)과 대 기 환경 수용 능력 (atmospheric environmental carrying capacity)의 개념과 입자상 물질의 생성 메커니즘에 대해 살펴 보았으며, 최근 국회 등 사회적으로 이슈화되고 있는 응축성 먼지의 측정 및 배출량 산정 방법 등의 연구동향 , 이를 포 함한 대기질 모델링 활용법 등을 고려하여 우리나라 대기 환경 용량 재설정 방향성을 제시하였다.

 This study aimed to examine the concept organization, component identification, and future recalculation direction of Atmospheric Environmental Capacity, one of the key keywords of the Comprehensive Air Quality Plan, in accordance with the current situation in Korea. In order to increase the achievement rate of South Korea's PM-2.5 environmental standards, it is believed that first of all, we need to thoroughly reset our country's atmospheric environmental capacity and atmospheric environmental carrying capacity, and develop overseas emission management methods, programs, and policies that are equivalent to the intensity of emission management methods for domestic emission sources including our country's workplaces. If an unavoidable situation arises where policies equivalent to the intensity for domestic emission sources cannot be implemented for overseas emission sources, it will be necessary to explain the reason to the South Korean people and seek their understanding, and in the future, experts from the public/private/research fields will need to continuously seek alternatives to increase the achievement rate of South Korea's PM-2.5 environmental standards.

References

1. Korean Ministry of Environment, “10-Year Comprehensive Plan for Air Quality Improvement,” Korean Ministry of Environment (2005).
2. Korean Ministry of Environment, “2nd Comprehensive Plan for Air Quality Improvement ('16~'25),” Korean Ministry of Envi- ronment (2015).
3. Korean Ministry of Environment, “3rd (2023-2032) Compre- hensive Plan for Air Quality Improvement”, Korean Ministry of Environment (2022).
4. Yejing Zhou, Jingxuan Zhou, “Urban Atmospheric Environmental Capacity and Atmospheric Environmental Carrying Capacity Constrained by GDP-PM2.5,” Ecological Indicators, 73, 637-652, ISSN 1470-160X(2017).
5. Ministry of Government Legislation,“Basic Environmental Policy Act,” National Law Information Center (2024).
6. JeJu regional government, “Establishing Environmental Indicators
Korean Chemical Engineering Research 64(1) (2026) 105140
for Eco-friendly Development of Jeju Island,” JeJu regional gov- ernment (1997).
7. Lee, C. W. and Oh, Y. S., “Study on the Environmental Capacity Assessment of Seoul City,” Seoul Institute (1999).
8. Lee, S. J., Kang, D. S., Han, and S. G., “Assessment and Application of Carrying Capacity for the Sustainability Policy,” Korean Envi- ronmental Institute (2020).
9. Naito, M., “Environmental Capacity,” Environmental Information Science, (內藤正明. 1987. 環境容量論. 環境情報科學, Japanese) (1987).
10. Cho, K. D., Choi, S. J. and Jyoong, J. T., “Environmental Capac- ity assessment in Incheon Area,” Inchon Regional Environmen- tal Technology Development Center (2003).
11. Kim, J. S., Park, I. S., Lee, S. J., Kim, M. S., Kim, R. H., Yoo, C., “Methodology of Atmospheric Environmental Critical Loads for the Management of Urban Air Quality,” Proceeding of the 35th Meeting of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (2003).
12. Jang Y. G., Kim, H. J., Song, G. B. and Kim, K., “A Study on the Atmospheric Environmental Capacity in Siheung and Aansan Area,” Proceeding of the 39th Meeting of Korean Society for Atmo- spheric Environment (2005).
13. Park, S. C., Yeon, I. J., Cho, B. R., Cho, J. S. and Kang, B. W., “A Study on the Atmospheric Environmental Capacity in Chungju Area,” Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 24(1), 122-127(2008).
14. Feng, Z., Sun, T., Yang, Y. and Yan, H., “The Progress of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity: from Single-factor Carrying Capacity Research to Comprehensive Research,” Journal of Resources and Ecology, 9(2), 125-134(2018).
15. Maltus, T. R., “An Essay on the Principle of Population,” Lon- don: St Paul’s Church-Yard (1798).
16. Verhulst, P. F., “Notice Sur La Loi Que La Population Suit Dans Son Accroissement,” Correspondence Mathematique et Physique (Ghent), 10, 113-121(1838).
17. Park, R. F. and Burgoss, E. W., “An Introduction to the Science of Sociology,” Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (1921).
18. Hadwen, I. A. S. and Palmer, L. J., “Reindeer in Alaska,” Wash- ington: US, Department of Agriculture (1922).
19. William, V., “Road to Survival,” London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. (1948).
20. Bishop, A. B., Fullerton, H. H., Crawford, A. B., Chambers, M. D. and Mckee, M., “Carrying Capacity in Regional Environmental Management,” Washington Environmental Research Center U.S. EPA (1974).
21. Zeng, W. H. and Yang, Y. M., “Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Key to the Coordination of the Development of Population, Resources and Environment,” China Popul. Resour. Environ. 1(2), 33-37(1991).
22. Kenneth Arrow, Bert Bolin, Robert Costanza, Partha Dasgupta, Carl Folke, C. S. Holling, Bengt-Owe Jansson, Simon Levin, Karl-Göran Mäler, Charles Perrings, David Pimente, “Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment,” Ecological Eco- nomic, 15(2), 91-95(1995).
23. Saveriades, A., “Establishing the Social Tourism Carrying Capacity for the Tourist Resorts of the East Coast of the Republic of Cyprus,” Tour. Manag. 21(2), 147-156(2000).
24. Furuya, K.,“Environmental Carrying Capacity in An Aquacul- ture Ground of Seaweeds and Shellfish in Sanriku Coast,” Bull. Fish. Res. Agency, 65-69(2004).
25. Enrico Borgogno Mondino, Enrico Fabrizio, Roberto Chiabrando, “A GIS Tool for the Land Carrying Capacity of Large Solar Plants,” Energy Procedia, 48, 1576-1585(2014).
26. Salvatore Martire, Valentina Castellani, Serenella Sala, “Carrying Capacity Assessment of Forest Resources: Enhancing Environ- mental Sustainability in Energy Production At Local Scale,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 94, 11-20(2015).
27. Ye, W. H., Mei, F. J. and Guan, B. R., “Theory of Environmental Carrying Capacity and Its Scientific Significance,” Res. Environ. Sci. 5(S1), 108-111(1992).
28. Zeng, W. H., Wang, H. D., Xue, J. Y., Ye, W. H. and Guan, B. R., “Theory of Environment Carrying Capacity and Its Applica- tion of Environmental Planning on Meizhou Bay,” China Environ. Sci. 18(Suppl), 70-73(1998).
29. Liu, Z. R., Wang, C. W., Hao, J. M., Su, B. L. and Ma, Y. L., “Mea- suring Environmental Carrying Capacity,” J. Basic Sci. Eng. 17(1), 49-61(2009).
30. Wang, C. W., Liu, Z. R. and Ge, C. F., “Theoretical Research of Environmental Carrying Capacity and Its Practice,” China Envi- ronmental Science Press, Beijing (2010).
31. Zhang, Y.-J. and Hao, J.-F., “The Evaluation of Environmental Capacity: Evidence in Hunan province of China,” Ecological Indicators, 60, 514-523(2016).
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter Volume I of III,” U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency(1996).
33. Whitby, K. T. and George M. S., “California Aerosols - Their Physical and Chemical Characteristics,” Adv. Environ. Sci. Tech- nol., Vol. 9(1980).
34. Wilson, W. E. and Suh, H. H., “Fine Particles and Coarse Particles: Concentration Relationships Relevant to Epidemiologic Stud- ies,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 47(12), 1238-1249(1997).
35. Danish EPA, “Health Effects Assessment of Exposure to Parti- cles from Wood Smoke,” Environmental Project No. 1235; Dan- ish Environmental Protection Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark (2008).
36. Shrestha, G., Traina, S. J. and Swanston, C. W., “Black Carbon’s Properties and Role in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review,” Sustainability 2(1), 294-320(2010).
37. Kim, S. M., Lee, I. H., Lee, K. B., Kim, J. S. and Kwon, M. H., “Diameters Analyses of Fine Particles Emitted When Mackerels Cooked,” Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environ- ment, 33(4), 361-369(2017).
38. Fan, C. W. and Zhang, J. J., “Characterization of Emissions From Portable Household Combustion Devices: Particle Size Distribu- tions, Emission Rates and Factors, and Potential Exposures,” Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1281-1290(2001).
39. Lance Wallace, Fang Wang, Cynthia Howard-Reed, and Andrew Persily, “Contribution of Gas and Electric Stoves to Residential Ultrafine Particle Concentrations between 2 and 64 nm: Size Distributions and Emission and Coagulation Rates,” Environ- mental Science & Technology 42(23), 8641-8647(2008).
40. L’Orange, C., Volckens, J. and DeFoort, M., “Influence of Stove Type and Cooking Pot Temperature on Particulate Matter Emissions From Biomass Cook Stoves,” Energy for Sustainable Develop- ment, 16, 448-455(2012).
41. Abt, E., Suh, H. H., Allen, G. and Koutrakis, P., “Characterization of Indoor Particle Sources: A Study Conducted in the Metropol- itan Boston Area,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 35- 44(2000).
42. Tiwari, M., Sahu, S. K.; Bhangare, R. C., Yousaf, A. and Pandit, G. G., “Particle Size Distributions of Ultrafine Combustion Aero- sols Generated From Household Fuels,” Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5, 145-150(2014).
43. Shuangde Li, Jiajia Gao, Yiqing He, Liuxu Cao, Ang Li, Sheng- peng Mo, Yunfa Chen, Yaqun Cao, “Determination of Time- and Size-dependent Fine Particle Emission with Varied Oil Heating in an Experimental Kitchen,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, 51, 157-164(2017).
44. Buonanno, G., Morawska, L. and Stabile, L., “Particle Emission Factors During Cooking Activities,” Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3235-3242(2009).
45. Lee, J. B., “A Study on Characteristics of Particulate Matter Generated from the Under-fired Char Broiling of Meat,” A Doc- tor’s Thesis, Department of Environmental Engineering Gradu- ate School, University of Seoul (2012).
46. Knutson, E. O. and Whitby, K. T., “Aerosol Classification by Elec- tric Mobility: Apparatus, Theory, and Applications,” Journal of Aerosol Science, 6, 443-451(1975).
47. Monks, P. S., Ravishankara, A. R., von Schneidemesser, E., and Sommariva, R., “Opinion: Papers That Shaped Tropospheric Chemistry,” Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12909-12948(2021).
48. Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N. Jr., “Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere : Theory, Experiments, and Applications,” (1999).
49. Slade, J. H., “Biogenic Aerosol Production in the Great Lakes Region,” In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Purdue University (2009).
50. Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, “A Study on the Improvement of Fine Particles Measurement Method in Flue Gas(Ⅱ),” Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (2015).
51. Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, “Fine PM (PM-10 & PM-2.5) Sampling and Analysis Methods from Stack Emitted,” Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (2011).
52. Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, “Investigation Research for Fair Testing Standards of fine PM from Stacks,” Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (2012).
53. Korean Government, “Comprehensive Plan for Fine PM man- agement,” Korean Government (2017).
54. Lee, I. H., Choi, D. S., Ko, M. J. and Park, Y.-K., “PM Manage- ment Methods Considering Condensable PM Emissions from Stationary Sources in Seoul and Incheon,” Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 33(4), 319-325(2017).
55. Choi, D. S., Youn, J.-S., Lee, I. H., Park, Y.-K., Choi, B. J. and Jeon, K.-J., “Analysis of National PM2.5 (FPM and CPM) Emissions by Past, Current, and Future Energy Mix Scenarios in the Republic of Korea,” Sustainability 11(16), 4289(2019).
56. USA ECDR System, “Title 40 § 51.50 What Definitions Apply to This Subpart?, Code of Federal Regulation,” USA ECDR Sys- tem (2022).
57. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency RBLC Data Base, “RBLC Basic Search,” https://cfpub.epa.gov/rblc/index.cfm?action= Search.BasicSearch&lang=en (2024).
58. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “PM-10 Emission Inventory Requirements,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994).
59. Guy B. Oldaker, “Condensible Particulate and It’s Impact on Particu- late Measurement,” Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.(1980).
60. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1999) “Emissions Inven- tory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999).
61. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Air Emissions Report- ing Requirements,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 80, 8787(2008).
62. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Field Evaluation of an Improved Method for Sampling and Analysis of Filterable and Condensable Particulate Matter,” EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0348(2010).
63. Kim, B.-U., Kim, H. C. and Kim, S., “Review of Particulate Matter Management in United States,” Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 34(4), 588-609(2018).
64. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “AP-42: Compilation of Air Emissions Factors,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2022).
65. Japan Ministry of Environment, “微小粒子状物質等専門委員 会議事次第資料·議事録一覧”, https://www.env.go.jp/council/ 07air-noise/yoshi07-08.html, 2022.07.05. acessed(2022).
66. Japan Ministry of Environment, “微小粒子状物質等専門委員会(第 9 回)PM2.5 等大気汚染物質排出インベントリの整備状況”, https://www.env.go.jp/council/07air-noise/y078-09b.html, 2022.07.05. acessed(2022).
67. Japan Ministry of Environment, “微小粒子状物質等専門委員会 ( 第 9 回 ) 国内の PM2.5 対策に係る取組の状況”, https://www. env.go.jp/council/07air-noise/y078-09b.html, 2022.07.05. acessed (2022).
68. Japan Ministry of Environment, “Improvement of a Simulation Model and Emission Data and Evaluation of the Aerosol Vola- tilization Characteristic for the Improvement of the Accuracy of PM2.5 Forecast,” Japan Ministry of Environment (2016).
69. Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies, “PM Emission Inventory Concerning Condensable PM,” Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies (2021).
70. UK Environment Agency, “Guidance Monitoring Stack Emissions: Techniques and Standards for Periodic Monitoring,” UK Envi- ronment Agency, Last updated 24 September 2021, (2021).
71. European Environment Agency, “EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emis- sion Inventory Guidebook 2019,” European Environment Agency (2019).
72. Hamilton, J., “How Should Condensables Be Included in PM Emission Inventories Reported to EMEP/CLRTAP?,” European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, 72 p.(2020).
73. Europe Union, “Assessment of the Effectiveness of European Air Quality Policies and Measures,” Europe Union, (2004).
74. Working Group on Strategies and Review Fifty-eighth session, “Informal Document Submitted by Norway - Reporting of Con- densable Part in Emissions of Particulate Matter,” Working Group on Strategies and Review Fifty-eighth Session (2020).
75. Norwegian Environment Agency, “Informative Inventory Report (IIR). Norway Air Pollutant Emissions 1990-2020,” Norwegian Environment Agency (2022).
76. Swedish Environmental Research Institute, “Swedish Air Pollut- ant Emission Scenarios to 2050,” Swedish Environmental Research Institute (2014).
77. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, “Informative Inven- tory Report Sweden 2022 Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,” Swedish Environ- mental Protection Agency (2022).
78. Choi, M. U., “An Overview on China's Recent Air Pollution Regulation and Management Policy,” Environmental and Resource Economics Review, 27(3), 569-611(2018).
79. Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, “A Study on the Improvement of Fine Particles Measurement Method in Flue Gas,” Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (2014).
80. Korean The Board of Audit and Inspection, “A study on Domes- tic and Foreign Industial Air Pollutants Management Cases,” Korean The Board of Audit and Inspection (2019).
81. Korean Ministry of Environment, “Handbook of Business Place Air Pollutant Emission-Cap Management,” Korean Ministry of Environment (2020).
82. Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, “A Study on Creating Mechanism of Fine PM by Cases in Air Emission Sources,” Korean National Institute of Environmental Research (2022).
83. Korean National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, “A Possibility and Feasibility Study on Condensable PM Emis- sion Inventories,” Korean National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center (2022).
84. Kim, J. H., Song, J. H., Kim, J. H., Lee, D., Yu, J., Yu, M. S., Jung, J. H. and Chun, S. N., “Concentration of Filterable and Condensable PM from Coal, Oil and LNG-fired Power Plants,” Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment? 39(4), (2023).
85. Le, Y. T., Jung, Y. W., Kim, D. W. Jang, K. W., Kang, C., Kang, D. I., Bae, G. N., Youn, J. S., Park, P.-M. and Jeon, K. J., “Rethinking Primary Particulate Matter: Integrating Filterable and Condens- able Particulate Matter in Measurement and Analysis,” Science of the Total Environment, 961 (2025).
86. Zhengkang P., Hanxiao L., Chuxuan Z., Yunfei Z., WeiHu, Y. T., Xiaomin L., Zijian Z. and Xun G., “Potential Strategy to Control the Organic Components of Condensable Particulate Matter : A Critical Review,” Environmental Science & Technology, 58, 7691- 7709(2024).
87. Zhuping, Z., Lu, W., Yuzhong, L., Tailin, C., Hongwei, Z., Zon- gwei, G. and Lejun, D., “Mechanism of Condensable Particulate Matter Transformation and Reduction in Flue Gas Scrubbing Process,” Fuel, 366, 131255(2024).
88. Joint Research Project for Long-range Transboundary Air Pol- lutants in Northeast Asia, “Summary Report of the 4th stage (2013- 2017) LTP Project,” Joint Research Project for Long-range Trans- boundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (2019).
89. Yu, M., Satoru, C., Kiyoshi, T., Yuji, F., Tazuko, M., Katsuyuki, T., Kei, S. and Seiji, S., “Contributions of Condensable Particu- late Matter to Atmospheric Organic Aerosol over Japan,” Envi-ronmental Science & Technology, 52, 8456-8466(2018). 90. Choi, D. S., Youn, J. S., Lee, I. H., Choi, B. J. and Jeon, K. J.,
“Considering Condensable Particulate Matter Emissions Improves the Accuracy of Air Quality Modeling for Environmental Impact Assessment,” Sustainability, 13(8), 4470(2021).

The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers. F5,119, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Phone No. +82-2-458-3078FAX No. +82-507-804-0669E-mail : kiche@kiche.or.kr

Copyright (C) KICHE.all rights reserved.

- Korean Chemical Engineering Research 상단으로