수소는 탄소중립 실현을 위한 핵심 에너지원으로 부각되며, 에너지 운반체 및 화학 원료로서 다양한 산업 분야에서

활용되고 있다. 본 리뷰는 수소 생산, 저장, 활용 기술을 세 가지 축으로 나누어 최근 5년간의 기술 발전 동향을 종합

적으로 분석하였다. 생산 부문에서는 수전해, 메탄 열분해, 바이오매스 전환, 폐기물 기반 수소화 등 탄소 저감형 기술

의 발전을 다루었고, 저장 부문에서는 고압, 액화, LOHC, 암모니아, 메탄올, 지하 저장 등 다양한 방식의 특성과 한계

를 비교하였다. 활용 측면에서는 연료전지, 직접 연소, 수소 혼합연소, 암모니아 기반 간접 활용, 산업 공정 내 환원제

로의 응용을 고찰하였다. 각 기술군 간의 통합 가능성과 공급망 연계성, 인프라 호환성 등도 함께 분석하였으며, 이를

바탕으로 지속 가능한 수소 에너지 체계 구축을 위한 기술적 방향성과 통합 설계 전략을 제시하였다.

Hydrogen is a pivotal energy carrier in achieving carbon neutrality, offering high versatility as both a fuel and chemical feedstock across diverse sectors. This review categorizes hydrogen technologies into production, storage, and utilization, providing an in-depth analysis of advancements made over the past five years. Production pathways include water electrolysis, methane pyrolysis, biomass conversion, and waste-derived hydrogen. Storage methods such as compressed and liquefied hydrogen, LOHCs, ammonia, methanol, and underground storage are evaluated in terms of density, safety, and infrastructure compatibility. Utilization technologies span fuel cells, direct combustion, hydrogen cofiring, ammonia-based indirect use, and industrial applications such as steelmaking and chemical synthesis. The review emphasizes the integration potential across the hydrogen value chain, identifying key challenges such as energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and system-level compatibility. Based on these findings, technical directions and integration strategies are proposed for establishing a sustainable and resilient hydrogen energy system.

Hydrogen, Hydrogen production, Hydrogen storage, Hydrogen utilization, Carbon neutrality

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