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Received May 20, 2025
Revised June 11, 2025
Accepted June 17, 2025
Available online January 1, 1970
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Effect of Water Content in Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-based Extraction on the Extraction Efficiency of Phytochemicals
rtment of Chemistry, Hannam University 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, August 2025, 63(3), 105125
https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2025.63.3.105125
https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2025.63.3.105125
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Abstract
This study optimized the composition of deep eutectic solvents (DES) for the efficient extraction of the
phytochemicals asiaticoside and madecassoside from Centella asiatica. DESs were prepared using ethylene glycol (EG)
and choline chloride (ChCl) at varying molar ratios, with 0~30% water added. Extraction yields were quantified using
HPLC system. The optimal condition (EG:ChCl = 3:1, 20% water) yielded a total of 21.5 ng/mg. Asiaticoside showed
stable extraction across conditions, while madecassoside was more sensitive. These differences were attributed to the
hydrophilicity of their sugar moieties. This work demonstrates that adjusting water content and HBD:HBA ratio is key
to efficient DES-based extraction and offers a foundation for green extraction process development.
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Food Chemistry, 451, 139500(2024).
18. Benvenutti, L., Zielinski, A. A. F. and Ferreira, S. R. S., “Pressurized
Aqueous Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES): A
Green Emergent Extraction of Anthocyanins from a Brazilian
Berry Processing by-product,” Food Chemistry X, 13, (2022).
19. Ruesgas-Ramón, M., Figueroa-Espinoza, M. C. and Durand, E.,
“Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Phenolic
Compounds Extraction: Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities,”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(18), 3591-
3601(2017).
20. Park, Y. K., “Densities and Dynamic Viscosities of Methyltriphenylphosphonium
Bromide-based Deep Eutectic Solvents and
Excess Properties of Their Pseudo-binary Mixtures with Ethanol,”
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 63(1), 80-88 (2025).
Phytochemistry, 58, 185-186(2001).
2. Yang, Y. and Ling, W., “Health Benefits and Future Research of
Phytochemicals: A Literature Review,” Journal of Nutrition,
155, 87-101(2025).
3. Chen, Y., Hu, B., Xing, J. and Li, C., “Endophytes: the Novel
Sources for Plant Terpenoid Biosynthesis,” Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology, 105, 4501-4513(2021).
4. Wang, Q., Zhao, X., Jiang, Y., Jin, B. and Wang, L., “Functions
of Representative Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis Mechanisms
in Medicinal Plants,” Biomolecules, 13, 1725(2023).
5. Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizeń, P., Studzińska-Sroka, E., Dańczak-
Pazdrowska, A. and Brzezińska, M, “Centella asiatica in Dermatology:
An Overview,” Phytotherapy Research, 28, 1117-1124 (2014).
6. Sook Kil, Y., Mi Sin, S., Yeol Lee, D., Won Min, J., Jeung Yang,
K., Lee, S., Kim, Y. and Goo, Y., “Analysis of Triterpene Glycoside
Levels and Antioxidant Activity in the Different Shoot
Tissues of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban,” Journal of Life Science,
28(8), 917-922(2018).
7. Eom, H. J., Shin, H. Y., Park, H. J., Kim, K. H., Kim, J. H. and
Yu, K. W., “Functional Components and Physiological Activity
in Different Parts of Centella Asiatica,” Korean Journal of Food
Preservation, 29(5), 749-761(2022).
8. Choi, J., Jeon, Y. and Ha, S. H., “Effect of Deep Eutectic Solvent
(DES) on the Extraction of Asiaticoside and Madecassoside from Centella
asiatica,” Analytical Science & Technology, 36(3), 128-134(2023).
9. Kalyniukova, A, Holuša, J., Musiolek, D., Sedlakova-Kadukova,
J., Płotka-Wasylka, J. and Andruch, V., “Application of Deep
Eutectic Solvents for Separation and Determination of Bioactive
Compounds in Medicinal Plants,” Industrial Crops and Products,
172, 114047(2021).
10. Eom, H. J., Shin, H. Y., Ji, Y. M., Kwon, N. R., Yoon, H. S.,
Kim, I. J., Song, Y. and Yu, K. W., “Nutritional Components and
Physiological Activity of Centella asiatica Cultured in Chungju
by Drying Method,” The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.
34(2), 165-173(2021).
11. Wardani, N. I., Samkumpim, T., Alahmad, W., King, A. W.,
Varanusupakul, P., Shishov, A., Yahaya, N. and Zain, N. N. M.,
“Recent Cutting-edge Approaches to the Integration of Solid-liquid
Extraction with Deep Eutectic Solvents: Toward a Greener Procedure
for Biomass Valorization,” Advances in Sample Preparation.
10, 100113(2024).
12. Bildik, F., “Application of Choline Chloride as Natural Deep
Eutectic Solvents for the Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
from Rheum Ribes Leaves,” European Journal of Technic, 11(2),
140-143(2021).
13. Abbott, A. P., Capper, G., Davies, D. L., Rasheed, R. K. and
Tambyrajah, V., “Novel Solvent Properties of Choline Chloride/urea
Mixtures,” Green Chemistry, 5, 135-139(2003).
14. Francisco, M., van den Bruinhorst, A. and Kroon, M. C., “Lowtransition-
temperature Mixture (LTTMs): A New Generation of
Designer Solvents,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
52, 3074-3085(2013).
15. Hansen, B. B., Spittle, S., Chen, B., Poe, D., Zhang, Y., Klein, J.
M., Horton, A., Adhikari, L., Zelovich, T., Doherty, W. B., Gurkan,
B., Maginn, J. E., Ragauskas, A., Dadmun, M., Zawodzinski, A.
T., Baker, A. G., Tuckerman, E. M., Savinell, F. R. and Sangoro,
R. J., “Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review of Fundamentals Andapplications,”
Chemical Reviews, 121(3), 1232-1285(2021).
16. Li, J., Guo, X., Wang, R., Geng, Z., Jia, J., Pang, S., Du, Y., Jia,
S. and Cui, J., “Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins
from Rose Flower Petal in DES System and Enzymatic Acylation,”
LWT, 180, 114693(2023).
17. Kaur, K., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. and Malik, A. K., “Green and Efficient
Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Neem Leaves Using
Deep Eutectic Solvents Based Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction,”
Food Chemistry, 451, 139500(2024).
18. Benvenutti, L., Zielinski, A. A. F. and Ferreira, S. R. S., “Pressurized
Aqueous Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES): A
Green Emergent Extraction of Anthocyanins from a Brazilian
Berry Processing by-product,” Food Chemistry X, 13, (2022).
19. Ruesgas-Ramón, M., Figueroa-Espinoza, M. C. and Durand, E.,
“Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Phenolic
Compounds Extraction: Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities,”
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(18), 3591-
3601(2017).
20. Park, Y. K., “Densities and Dynamic Viscosities of Methyltriphenylphosphonium
Bromide-based Deep Eutectic Solvents and
Excess Properties of Their Pseudo-binary Mixtures with Ethanol,”
Korean Chemical Engineering Research, 63(1), 80-88 (2025).
