Model predictive control (MPC) is widely accepted as a generic multivariable controller with constraint handling. More recently, MPC has been extended to nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) in order to realize high-performance control of highly nonlinear processes. In particular, NMPC allows incorporation of detailed process models (validated by off-line analysis) and also integrates with on-line optimization strategies consistent with higherlevel tasks, such as scheduling and planning. NMPC for tracking and so-called “economic” stage costs has been developed, and fundamental stability and robustness properties of NMPC have been analyzed. This perspective provides an overview of NMPC concepts and approaches, as well as the underlying optimization strategies that support the solution strategies. In addition, three challenging process case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of NMPC.