MoO3 and reduced molybdenum oxides (MoOx, x=2.87 and 2) were successfully synthesized through a onepot hydrothermal method without and with adding polymeric surfactants (PVP or PVA) as capping and reducing agents into the reaction solution. The synthesized nanostructures were characterized by different techniques. Adding polymeric surfactants into hydrothermal reaction solution had significant effect on the structural, optical and morphological properties of products. Orthorhombic phase of MoO3 nanorods, monoclinic phase of MoO2.87 nanoparticles and monoclinic phase of MoO2 nanoparticles were obtained in the absence and in the presence of PVP and PVA, respectively. The specific surface area of MoO3, MoO2.87 and MoO2 samples calculated by the BET method was found to be 15.64, 5.94 and 87.62m2g?1, respectively. The dye adsorption capability of products was investigated for removal of RhB molecules from water. The experimental results indicated that the RhB adsorption on MoO2 is much faster and higher than that of MoO3 and MoO2.87, which can be attributed to the larger specific surface area. Furthermore, the kinetic models and isotherm models were studied to determine the adsorption rate and mechanism of RhB adsorption onto the products.