Issue
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,
Vol.30, No.4, 796-812, 2013
New emissions targeting strategy for site utility of process industries
A new procedure for environmental targeting of co-generation system is presented. The proposed method is based on the concepts of pinch technology for total site targeting of fuel, power, steam, environmental impacts and total annualized cost with considering emissions taxes. This approach provides a consistent, general procedure for determining mass flow rates and efficiencies of the applied turbines. This algorithm utilizes the relationship of entropy with enthalpy and isentropic efficiency. Also, the life cycle assessment (LCA) as a well-known tool for analyzing environmental impacts on a wide perspective with reference to a product system and the related environmental and economic impacts have been applied. In this regard, a damage-oriented impact analysis method based on Eco-indicator 99 and footprints analysis was considered. In addition, the present work demonstrates the effect of including both sensible and latent heating of steam in the extended Site Utility Grand Composite Curve (ESUGCC). It is shown that including sensible heating allows for better thermal matching between the processes. Furthermore, the other representation YSUGCC as the other form of Site Utility Grand Composite has been proposed. Two case studies were used to illustrate the usefulness of the new environmental targeting method.
[References]
  1. Dhole VR, Linnhoff B, Comput. Chem. Eng., 17, 101, 1993
  2. Raissi K, Total site integration, PhD Thesis, UMIST, Manchester, 1994
  3. Klemes J, Dhole VR, Raissi K, Perry SJ, Puigjaner L, Appl.Thermal Eng., 17(8-10), 993, 1997
  4. Sorin M,Hammache A, Appl. Thermal Eng., 25, 961, 2005
  5. Mavromatis SP, Kokossis AC, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53(8), 1585, 1998
  6. Harell DA, Resource conservation and allocation via process integration, Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004
  7. Varbanov PS, Doyle S, Smith R, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 82(5), 561, 2004
  8. Mohan T, El-Halwagi MM, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy., 9(1), 13, 2007
  9. Medina-Flores JM, Picon-Nunez M, Chem. Eng. Sci., 65(9), 2811, 2010
  10. Bandyopadhyay S, Varghese J, Bansal V, Appl. Thermal Eng., 30, 6, 2010
  11. Ghannadzadeh A,, Perry S, Smith R, Chem. Eng. Transactions., 25, 917, 2011
  12. Ghannadzadeh A, Perry S, Smith R, Appl. Thermal Eng., DOI:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.10.006, 2011
  13. Kapil A, Bulatov I, Smith R, Kim JK, Chem. Eng. Res.Design., DOI:10.1016/j.cherd.2011.09.001, 2010
  14. Varbanov PS, Klemes JJ, Comput. Chem. Eng., 35(9), 1815, 2011
  15. Liew PY, Wan Alwi SR, Varbanov PS, Manan ZA, Klemes J, Appl. Thermal Eng., 40, 397, 2012
  16. Varbanov PS, Fodor Z, Kleme JJ, Energy., DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.025, 2012
  17. Fodor Z, Klemes J, Varbanov PS, Walmsley MRW, Atkins MJ, Walmsley T, Chem. Eng. Transactions., 29, 409, 2012
  18. Hackl R, Harvey S, Chem. Eng. Transactions., 29, 73, 2012
  19. Mohammad Rozali NE, Wan Alwi SR, Abdul-Manan Z, Kleme JJ, Chem. Eng. Transactions., 29, 121, 2012
  20. Nemet A, Klemes JJ, Kravanja Z, Energy, 45(1), 264, 2012
  21. Tjan W, Tan RR, Foo DCY, J. Cleaner Production., 18, 848, 2010
  22. EPA, Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ (accessed APRIL 2012).
  23. Gadallaa M, Olujic Z, Jansens P, Jobson M, Smith R, Environ.Sci. Technol., 39(17), 2005
  24. Dincer I, Rosen MA, Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development, Elsevier, 2007
  25. Stupara G, Tucakovia D, Zivanovia T, Banjaca M, Belosevib S, Beljanskib V, Tomanovib I, Crnomarkovib N, Sijerib M, The influence of primary measures for reducing NOx emissions on energy steam boiler efficiency, Proceedings of ECOS 2012 - the 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, (125) 1-13, June 26-29, 2012, Perugia, Italy, 2012
  26. International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Environmental management.life cycle assessment. European Standard ENISO14040 and 14044, Geneva, 2006
  27. Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 9(4), 267, 2002
  28. Tan RR, Foo DCY, Energy, 32(8), 1422, 2007
  29. Atkins MJ, Morrison AS, Walmsley MRW, Appl. Energy, 87(3), 982, 2010
  30. Crilly D, Zhelev T, Energy, 33(10), 1498, 2008
  31. Crilly D, Zhelev T, An emergy-based targeting technique for treatment and utilisation of greenhouse gas emissions, In: Novosad, J. (Ed.), Paper Presented in the 18th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering (CHISA) - Summary 4: PRES 2008 and System Engineering, 4, 1214, 2008
  32. Bandyopadhyay S, Foo DCY, Tan RR, AIChE J., 56(5), 1235, 2009
  33. Lee SC, Ng DKS, Foo DCY, Tan RR, Appl. Energy, 86(1), 60, 2009
  34. Tan RR, Foo DCY, Ng DKS, J. Cleaner Production., 17(10), 940, 2009
  35. Tjan W, Tan RR, Foo DCY, J. Cleaner Production., 18, 848, 2010
  36. Cucek L, Klemes J, Kravanja Z, J. Cleaner Production., 34, 9, 2012
  37. Ooi REH, Foo DCY, Ng DKS, Tan RR, Chem. Eng.Transactions., 29, 415, 2012
  38. Eueek L, Varbanov PS, Klemes JJ, Kravanja Z, Chem. Eng.Transactions., 29, 61, 2012
  39. Klemes J, Friedler F, Bulatov I, Varbanov P, Sustainability in the process industry: integration and optimization, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010
  40. AL-Azri NA, Integrated approaches to the optimization of process-utility systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2008
  41. Smith R, Chemical Process Design and Integration, Wiley, West Sussex, 2005
  42. Monfreda C, Wackernagel M, Deumling D, Land Use Policy., 21, 231, 2004
  43. Hujbregts MAJ, Hellweg S, Frischknecht R, Ecological Economics., 64, 798, 2008
  44. Benedetto LD, Klemes J, J. Cleaner Production., 17, 900, 2009
  45. Meyer L, Tsatsaronis G, Buchgeister J, Schebek L, Energy Int. J., 34, 75, 2009
  46. Boyano A, Blanco-Marigorta AM, Morosuk T, Tsatsaronis G, Energy Int. J., DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.020, 2010
  47. Sima Pro, User’s Manual. Pre Consultants BV, Amersfoort (NL), 2007
  48. Nemet A, Klemes JJ, Kravanja Z, Energy, 45(1), 264, 2012
  49. INDEX MUNDI, www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=petroleum-price-index, 2012
  50. Ulrich GD, Vasudevan PT, How to Estimate Utility cost Chemical Engineering, www.che.com/technical_and_practical/2798.html, 2006
  51. Chemical Engineering Economic Indicators, 2012. www.che.com/business_and_economics/economic_indicators.html.
  52. Aguilar O. Design and optimization of flexible utility systems. PhD Thesis, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 2005
  53. GTPRO 18, Thermal Engineering Software for the Power Industry, Thermoflow, Inc., U.S.A., 2008
  54. STAR Software, Version 2, Center for Process Integration, School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, University of Manchester, UK, Under license of K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Energy and Process Integration Laboratory.